THE WORLD’S IMMORTALS AND MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT IN RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, LITERATURE, FINE ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY—TABULATED BY CENTURIES
| Centuries | Religion and Moral Reform Founders of Systems, Great Leaders, Heads of Religious Bodies, Moral and Humane Reformers | Fine Arts Architects, Sculptors, Painters, Musicians | Government Rulers, Military Leaders, Statesmen, Publicists, Diplomats, Jurists | Literature Poets, Dramatists, Historians, Orators, Essayists, Novelists | Philosophy and Education Philosophers, Educators, Psychologists, Moralists, Logicians | Science Discoverers, Naturalists, Physicists, Mathematicians, Chemists, Physicians, Biologists | Industry Inventors, Engineers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14th Cent. A. D. 1300 A. D. to 1400 A. D. | ... | ... | Charles V., the Wise, (1337-1380). John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III. (1340-1399). Edward III., king of England (1312-1377). Tamerlane (Timur), Mongol conqueror (1336?-1405). Casimir III., the Great, king of Poland (reigned from 1333, died 1370). | Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (1340?-1400). John de Wycliffe, English reformer; translator of the Scriptures (1324?-1384). Francesco Petrarch (Petrarca), Italian writer of sonnets (1304-1374). Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian novelist (1313-1375). Mohammed Shems ed-Din Hafiz, Persian poet (1300?-1390). | ... | ... | ... |
| 15th Cent. A. D. 1400 A. D. to 1500 A. D. | Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer (1452-1498). | Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect and sculptor (1377-1444). LEONARDO DA VINCI, Florentine painter (1452-1519). Bramante d’Urbino (Donato Lazari), Italian architect of St. Peter’s (1444-1514). Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (1447-1515). | Jeanne d’Arc (Joan of Arc), French heroine (1411?-1431). Cosmo I. de’Medici, Chief of the Florentine Republic (1389-1464). Ferdinand V. of Castile, II. of Aragon, III. of Naples, II. of Sicily, founder of the Spanish monarchy (1452-1516). | Lorenzo I. de’Medici, prince of Florence, poet, scholar, and patron of art and literature (1448-1492). | ... | ... | JOHANN GUTENBERG, German inventor of printing (1400-1468). Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator (1450?-1525). CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (Italian Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish Cristoval Colon), Genoese discoverer of America (1436?-1506). Fernando Magellan, Portuguese navigator (1470?-1521). William Caxton, English printer (1412?-1491). |
| 16th Cent. A. D. 1500 A. D. to 1600 A. D. | SAINT IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA, Spanish founder of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) (1491-1556). MARTIN LUTHER, leader of the German reformation (1483-1546). Philip Melanchthon, German Lutheran reformer (1497-1560). Ulrich Zwingle, Swiss reformer (1484-1531). JOHN CALVIN, French theologian (1509-1564). Jacobus Arminius, Dutch theologian (1560-1609). John Knox, Scotch religious reformer (1505-1572). Faustus Socinus, Italian theologian (1539-1604). | Albrecht Durer, German painter and engraver (1471-1528). Antonio Allegri da Correggio, Italian painter (1494-1534). TITIAN, or Tiziano Vecellio, Venetian painter (1477-1576). RAPHAEL SANZIO, or Santi d’Urbino, Italian painter (1483-1520). MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, Italian painter, sculptor, architect and poet (1474-1563). | Hernando Cortez, Spanish conqueror of Mexico (1485-1547?). Thomas Wolsey, cardinal minister of Henry VIII. (1471-1530). Nicolo di Bernardo dei Macchiavelli, Italian statesman and author (1469-1527). Johan van Olden Barneveldt, Dutch statesman (1547-1619). Henry VIII., king of England (1491-1547). Henry IV., king of France and of Navarre (1553-1610). Elizabeth, queen of England (1533-1603). Francis I., king of France (1494-1547). CHARLES V., emperor of Germany and king of Spain (1500-1558). | Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (1474-1533). Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar (1467-1536). WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, the greatest English dramatist (1564-1616). MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE, Seigneur, French essayist (1533-1592). MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, Spanish novelist (1547-1616). Edmund Spenser, English poet (1553?-1599). Giordano Bruno, Italian anti-Christian writer (1550-1600). Luis Camoëns, Portuguese poet (1524-1597). Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (1544-1595). Ben Jonson, English dramatist (1573 or 1574-1637). | Sir Thomas More, English poet, philosopher (1480-1535). FRANCIS BACON, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and essayist (1561-1626). | NIKOLAUS COPERNICUS, German astronomer (1473-1543). Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (1546-1601). | Bernard Palissy French potter (1510-1589). Sir Walter Raleigh, English navigator, statesman and courtier (1552-1618). Sir Francis Drake, English navigator (1539-1595). |
| 17th Cent. A. D. 1600 A. D. to 1700 A. D. | Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, French prelate, pulpit orator, author (1627-1704). Cornelius Jansen, Dutch theologian (1585-1638). | BARTOLOMÉ ESTÉBAN MURILLO, Spanish painter (1618-1682). PAUL HARMENS REMBRANDT VAN RYN, Dutch painter (1607-1669). Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (1577-1640). DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE SILVAY VELASQUEZ, Spanish painter (1599-1660). Sir Christopher Wren, English architect (1632-1723). | HUGO GROTIUS, or De Groot, Dutch jurist (1583-1645). Sir Edward Coke, lord chief-justice of England (1549-1634). ARMAND JEAN DUPLESSIS DE RICHELIEU, cardinal and duke, French statesman (1585-1642). OLIVER CROMWELL, lord protector of the English commonwealth (1599-1658). Count Johann Tserclaes von Tilly, German general in the Thirty Years’ War (1559-1632). Count Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, Austrian general (1583-1634). Duke of Marlborough (John Churchill), English general (1650-1722). William III. (prince of Orange), king of Great Britain, stadtholder of the Netherlands (1650-1702). Christina, queen of Sweden (1626-1689). Marten Harpertzoon van Tromp, Dutch admiral (1597-1653). Vicomte Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne de Turenne, marshal of France (1611-1672). William Penn, English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania (1644-1718). Cardinal Jules, or Giulio, Mazarin, prime minister of Louis XIV. (1602-1661). Louis II., Prince de Conde, French general (1621-1686). Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden (1594-1632). Louis XIV. the Great, king of France (1638-1715). | Felix Lope de Vega Carpio, Spanish poet and dramatist (1562-1635). Joseph Addison, English poet and essayist (1672-1719). John Dryden, English poet (1631-1700). John Bunyan, English preacher and writer (1628-1688). JOHN MILTON, English poet (1608-1674). Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramatist (1600-1681). MOLIÉRE, real name Jean Baptiste Poquelin, French dramatist (1622-1673). Blaise Pascal, French author, mathematician (1623-1662). Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux French poet, satirist and critic (1636-1711). Jean Racine, French dramatic poet (1639-1699). François de Salignac de la Mothe Fénelon, archbishop of Cambray, French prelate and author (1651-1715). | RENÉ DESCARTES, French philosopher, mathematician (1596-1650). GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ, German philosopher, mathematician (1646-1716). JOHN LOCKE, English philosopher and theologian (1632-1704). BARUCH (Benedict) SPINOZA, Dutch-Jewish philosopher (1632-1677). Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (1588-1679). Blaise Pascal, French philosopher and mathematician (1623-1662). | JOHANN KEPLER, German astronomer (1571-1630). WILLIAM HARVEY, English anatomist and physician (1578-1657). Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer (1564-1642). Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist (1608-1647). Marcello Malpighi, Italian anatomist (1628-1694). Jacques, or James, Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (1654-1705). SIR ISAAC NEWTON, English philosopher and mathematician (1642-1727). Robert Boyle, Irish chemist and philosopher (1626-1692). | Marquis Sébastien Leprestre de Vauban, French military engineer and marshal (1633-1707). |
| 18th Cent. A. D. 1700 A. D. to 1800 A. D. | JOHN WESLEY, English founder of Methodism (1703-1791). Jonathan Edwards, American theologian, metaphysician (1703-1758). George Whitefield, evangelist and one of the founders of Methodism (1714-1770). | GEORG FRIEDRICH HANDEL, German musical composer (1685-1759). Philip Van Dyck, Dutch painter (1680-1752). Johann Sebastian Bach German composer and musician (1685-1750). JOHANN CHRYSOSTONUS WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART, German musical composer (1756-1791). Joseph Haydn, German musical composer (1732-1809). Sir Joshua Reynolds, English portrait painter (1723-1792). | PETER I. (Alexeievitch), the Great, czar of Russia (1672-1725). Charles XII., king of Sweden and Norway (1682-1718). Prince Eugene of Savoy, Austrian general (1663-1736). GEORGE WASHINGTON, general and first president of the United States (1732-1799). William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, English statesman (1708-1778). THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president of the United States (1743-1826). FREDERICK II., the Great, Prussian general and emperor (1712-1786). Alexander Hamilton, American lawyer and statesman (1757-1804). Robert Clive, first Lord, British general and statesman (1725-1774). Adam Smith, Scottish political economist (1723-1790). Anne, queen of England (1664-1714). Catherine II., empress of Russia (1729-1796). George Jacques Danton, French revolutionist (1759-1794). Marquis Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier de Lafayette, or La Fayette, French general and patriot (1757-1834). Jean Paul Marat, French revolutionist (1744-1793). Maximilien Joseph Marie Isidore de Robespierre, French revolutionist (1758-1794). Thaddeus (Tadeusz) Kosciusko, Polish patriot (1746?-1817). Francis I., emperor of Germany (1708-1765). Lord Horatio Nelson, English admiral (1758-1805). Maria Theresa, empress of Austria (1717-1780). Charles James Fox, English statesman and orator (1749-1806). | Jonathan Swift, Irish divine and satirist (1667-1745). BARON CHARLES DE SECONDAT DE MONTESQUIEU, French jurist and writer (1689-1755). Alexander Pope, English poet (1688-1744). FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, French author, poet, wit, dramatist, historian, philosopher and skeptic (1694-1778). Edmund Burke, English statesman and orator (1729 or 1730-1797). Comte Gabriel Honoré Riquetti de Mirabeau, French orator and revolutionist (1749-1791). Robert Burns, Scotch poet (1759-1796). DAVID HUME, Scotch historian and philosopher (1711-1776). EDWARD GIBBON, English historian (1737-1794). Denis Diderot, French philosopher and writer (1713-1784). JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE, German author (1749-1832). JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER, German poet (1759-1805). GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING, German author (1729-1781). Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher and writer (1712-1778). BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, American philosopher, statesman (1706-1790). HONORÉ DE BALZAC, French novelist (1799-1850). Baroness Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (Staël-Holstein), French authoress (1766-1817). William Cowper, English poet (1731-1800). Oliver Goldsmith, Irish poet, historian and novelist (1728-1774) Thomas Gray, English poet (1716-1771). Samuel Johnson, English lexicographer and miscellaneous writer (1709-1784). | Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher, theosophist (1688-1772). George Berkeley, Irish metaphysician (1684-1753). IMMANUEL KANT, German metaphysician (1724-1804). William Paley, English theologian, philosopher (1743-1805). Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German metaphysician (1762-1814). Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss educationist (1745-1827). Auguste Comte, French philosopher (1798-1857). Sir William Hamilton, Scottish metaphysician (1788-1856). Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher, (1712-1778). | LINNÆUS (Karl von Linné), Swedish naturalist (1707-1778). ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER, French chemist (1743-1794). Marie François Xavier Bichat, French physiologist and anatomist (1771-1802). Joseph Priestley, English physicist, chemist, philospher, theologian (1733-1804). Jean le Rond d’Alembert, French mathematician (1717-1783). Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist (1742-1786). | SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT, inventor of spinning-jenny (1732-1792). John Howard, English philanthropist (1726-1790). JAMES WATT, perfecter of the steam engine (1736-1819). ROBERT FULTON, American engineer and inventor of the steamboat (1765-1815). John Fitch, American inventor (1743-1798). Aloisio, or Luigi, Galvani, Italian discoverer of galvanism (1737-1788). |
| 19th Cent. A. D. 1800 A. D. to 1900 A. D. | William Ellery Channing, American divine and author (1780-1842). James Martineau, Unitarian divine and author (1807-1878). Theodore Parker, American theologian and scholar (1810-1860). Henry Ward Beecher, American preacher, writer and orator (1813-1887). Charles Grandison Finney, evangelist and theologian (1792-1875). Dwight Lyman Moody, evangelist (1837-1899). Charles Haddon Spurgeon, English pulpit-orator (1834-1892). Clara Barton, promoter American Red Cross (1830-1912). Frances Elizabeth Willard, temperance reformer (1839-1898). Mary Baker Glover Eddy, founder of Christian Science (1821-1910). Brigham Young, American Mormon leader (1801-1877). Joseph Smith, founder of the sect of Mormons (1805-1844) John Henry Newman, English theologian and author (1801-1890). Phillips Brooks, American pulpit orator (1835-1893). | LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, German musical composer (1770-1827). Franz Schubert, German composer (1797-1828). Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor (1757-1822). Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, French landscape painter (1796-1875). Bertel Thorwaldsen, Danish sculptor (1770-1844). Jean Dominique Auguste Ingres, French painter (1781-1867). Frederic François Chopin, Polish pianist and musical composer (1810-1849). James Abbott M’Neill Whistler, American-English painter (1834-1903). Robert Schumann, German musical composer (1815-1856). RICHARD WAGNER, German musical composer (1813-1883). Johannes Brahms, German composer (1833-1897). Giuseppe Verdi, Italian musical composer (1814-1901) Théodore Rousseau, French painter (1812-1867). Hector Berlioz, French musical composer (1803-1869). Louise Marie Elisabeth Lebrun (born Vigée), French painter (1755-1842). Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, German composer (1809-1847). Mariano Fortuny, Spanish painter (1839-1874). Anton Rubenstein, Russian composer and pianist (1829-1894). Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer (1811-1886). Peter Ilyitch Tschaikowsky, Russian musical composer (1840-1893). Charles François Daubigny, French painter (1817-1878). John Constable, English landscape painter (1776-1837). Eugéne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (1814-1879). Karl Begas, German painter (1794-1854). Rosalie Bonheur, French painter (1822-1899). Thomas Ustick Walter, American architect (1804-1887). Jean François Millet, painter (1814-1875). Antoine Louis Barye, French sculptor (1795-1875). Karl Theodore Francis Bitter, Austro-American sculptor (1867-1916). Johann Gottfried Schadow, German sculptor (1764-1850). Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, animal painter (1802-1873). Sir Charles Barry, British architect (1795-1860). Pierre Etienne Rousseau, French painter (1812-1867). Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (1777-1857). Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter (1824-1898). Jacques Louis David, French historical painter (1748-1825). Robert Adam, Scottish architect (1728-1792). Hans Makart, Austrian painter (1840-1884). Joseph Mallord William Turner, English painter (1775-1851). Sir George Gilbert Scott, English architect (1811-1878). Sir John Everett Millais, English painter (1829-1896). Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect (1781-1841). John Quincy Adams Ward, American sculptor (1830-1910). Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor (1834-1904). Jean Léon Gérôme, French historical painter (1824-1904). Edwin Austin Abbey, American artist (1852-1916). J. E. F. Massenet, French composer (1842-1912). Antonin Dvorák, Austro-American composer (1842-1904). Vassili Verestchagin, Russian painter (1842-1904). F. von Lenbach, German painter (1836-1904). Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (1843-1897). Augustus Saint-Gaudens, American sculptor (1848-1907). | JOHN MARSHALL, American jurist and statesman (1755-1835). Andrew Jackson, general and seventh president of the United States (1767-1845). Henry Clay, American statesman and orator (1777-1852). Arthur Wellesley Wellington, first Duke of, British general and statesman (1769-1852). John Caldwell Calhoun, American statesman (1782-1850). Prince Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich, Austrian statesman (1773-1859). Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, Prince of Benevento, French diplomatist (1754-1838). Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Italian statesman (1810-1861). ABRAHAM LINCOLN, sixteenth president of the United States (1809-1865). David Glascoe Farragut, American admiral (1801-1870). ROBERT EDWARD LEE, American Confederate general (1807-1870). Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte), emperor of the French (1808-1873). Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, English statesman and novelist (1804-1880). ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT, general and eighteenth president of the United States (1822-1885). Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish parliamentarian (1846-1891). William Ewart Gladstone, English statesman (1820-1898). PRINCE OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD BISMARCK, German statesman (1814-1898). Richard Cobden, English statesman and economist (1804-1865). Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian patriot and revolutionist (1805-1872). Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (1807-1882). Léon Gambetta, French statesman (1838-1882). John Bright, English orator and statesman (1811-1889). Louis Kossuth, Hungarian orator and statesman (1802-1894). Cecil John Rhodes, British statesman (1853-1902). Victoria (Victoria Alexandrina), queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India (1819-1901). Jefferson Davis, American statesman and president of the Confederacy (1808-1889). Sir John Alexander Macdonald, Canadian statesman (1815-1891). Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria (1830-1916). Karl Marx, German socialist and publicist (1818-1883). H. von Treitschke, German publicist (1834-1896). George Dewey, American Admiral (1837-1917). | DANIEL WEBSTER, American statesman and orator (1782-1852). Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (1792-1822). John Keats, English poet (1796?-1821) Lord George Gordon Byron, English poet (1788-1824). SIR WALTER SCOTT, Scotch novelist and poet (1771-1832). WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, English poet (1770-1850). THOMAS CARLYLE, British essayist and historian (1795-1881). Leopold von Ranke, German historian (1795-1886). Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English metaphysician and poet (1772-1834). Viscount François Auguste de Chateaubriand, French author (1768-1848). James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (1779-1851). William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist (1794-1878). François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, French historian and statesman (1787-1874). Washington Irving, American author (1783-1859). Barthold Georg Niebuhr, German historian and philologist (1776-1831). Esaias Tegnér, Swedish poet (1782-1846). Heinrich Heine, German poet and miscellaneous writer (1800?-1856). Thomas Babington Macaulay, English historian, essayist, poet and statesman (1800-1859). Elizabeth Barrett Browning, wife of Robert Browning, English poetess, (1809-1861). Robert Browning, English poet (1812-1889). William Makepeace Thackeray, English novelist (1811-1863). Edgar Allen Poe, American poet (1809-1849). Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author (1804-1864). Charles Dickens, English novelist (1812-1870). George Eliot (Marian Evans), English novelist (1820?-1880). RALPH WALDO EMERSON, American essayist and philosopher (1803-1882). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet (1807-1882). ALFRED TENNYSON, English poet (1809-1892). VICOMTE VICTOR MARIE HUGO, French poet and romance writer (1802-1885). James Russell Lowell, American poet and critic (1819-1891). Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian dramatist (1828-1906). Francis Parkman, American author (1823-1893). Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, French author and critic (1828-1893). Count Lyof N. Tolstoi, Russian novelist (1828-1910). Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (1804-1869). Björnstjerne Björnson, Norwegian author (1832-1910). Joseph Ernest Renan, French orientalist, author and critic (1823-1892). John Ruskin, English writer on art, especially painting (1819-1900). Henry D. Thoreau, American author (1817-1862). Alexandre Dumas, French novelist and dramatist (1803-1870). Théophile Gautier, French poet, novelist and critic (1811-1872). G. Sand (Mme. Dudevant), French novelist (1804-1876). Fedor Dostoyevski, Russian novelist (1821-1881). Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English artist, poet (1828-1882). Ivan Turgeneff, Russian novelist (1818-1883). Walt Whitman, American poet (1819-1892). Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen, German historian (1817-1892). John Greenleaf Whittier, American poet (1807-1892). Oliver Wendell Holmes, American physician, poet and essayist (1809-1894). Alphonse Daudet, French novelist (1840-1897). Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain), American humorist (1835-1910). Henry James, American novelist (1843-1916). Emile Zola, French novelist (1840-1902). Johan August Strindberg (1849-1912). James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (1853-1916). | GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL, German philosopher, metaphysician and pantheist (1770-1831). Friedrich Froebel, German educationist (1782-1852). Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860). John Stuart Mill, English philosopher and and political economist (1806-1873). Rudolf Hermann Lotze, German philosopher (1817-1881). HERBERT SPENCER, English philosopher (1820-1903). Frederick Wilhelm Nietzsche, German moralist (1844-1900). William James, American psychologist and philosopher (1842-1910). Hugo Münsterberg, German psychologist (1863-1917). James Burrill Angell, American educator and diplomat (1829-1916). Victor Cousin, French philosopher (1792-1867). George Holmes Howison, American philosopher (1834-1917). Josiah Royce (1855-1917). | GEORGES LÉOPOLD CHRÉTIEN FRÉDERIC DAGOBERT CUVIER, French naturalist (1769-1832). Thomas Young, English physicist (1773-1829). Elessandro Volta, Italian physicist (1745-1827). Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace, French astronomer and mathematician (1749-1827). Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck, French naturalist (1744-1829). Michael Faraday, English physicist (1791-1867). Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, French botanist (1748-1836). Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Swiss botanist (1778-1841). John James Audubon, American ornithologist (1780-1851). Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, German naturalist (1769-1859). Sir Humphrey Davy, English chemist (1778-1829). Matthew Fontaine Maury, American hydrographer (1806-1873). Asa Gray, American botanist (1810-1888). Louis Agassiz, naturalist (1807-1873). August Weismann, German naturalist (1834- ——). Maria Mitchell, American astronomer (1818-1889). Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, German naturalist (1834- ——). HERMANN LUDWIG FERDINAND HELMHOLTZ, German physicist, anatomist and physiologist (1821-1894). Thomas Henry Huxley, English naturalist (1825-1895). LORD KELVIN (William Thompson), British physicist (1824-1907). James Prescott Joule, English physicist (1818-1889). Gustav Theodor Fechner, German physicist, philosopher, writer (1801-1887). John Tyndall, British physicist (1820-1893). LOUIS PASTEUR, French chemist (1822-1895). CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN, English naturalist (1809-1882). Baron Justus von Liebig, German chemist (1803-1873). Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminalogist, (1836-1909). Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician (1827-1912). Caroline Lucretia Herschel, Anglo-German astronomer (1750-1848). Pierre Charles L’Enfant, French military engineer (1755-1825). Johannes Müller, German physiologist (1801-1858). Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (1800-1882). Henry Augustus Rowland, American physicist (1848-1901). Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, American geologist (1841-1906). Simon Newcomb, American astronomer (1835-1909). Wilhelm Max Wundt, German physiologist (1832-1916). D. I. Mendeleeff, Russian chemist (1834-1907). J. H. van ’t Hoff, Dutch chemist (1852-1911). Elie Metchnikoff, Russian bacteriologist (1845-1916). Robert Koch, German physician (1843-1910). Francis Galton, British anthropologist (1822-1911). Julius von Sachs, German botanist (1832-1897). Sir Michael Foster, British physiologist (1834-1907). S(ilas) Weir Mitchell, American neurologist (1829-1914). | Eli Whitney, American inventor of the cotton gin (1765-1825). SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE, American artist and inventor (1791-1872). GEORGE STEPHENSON, English perfecter of the locomotive engine (1781-1848). Alfred Krupp, German manufacturer of iron and steel (1810-1887). Henry Bessemer, English engineer and inventor (1813-1898). George H. Corliss, American machinist and inventor (1820-1888). Elias Howe, American inventor of the sewing-machine (1819-1867). Ernst Werner Siemens, German physicist, inventor, manufacturer (1816-1892). Robert Stephenson, English engineer (1803-1859). Viscount Ferdinand de Lesseps, French engineer of the Suez Canal (1805-1894). Alfred Bernard Nobel, Swedish physicist and chemist (1833-1896). Cyrus Hall McCormick, American inventor and manufacturer of harvesters (1809-1884). James M. Smithson, English philanthropist (1765-1829). Stephen Girard, American merchant and philanthropist (1750-1831). Ezra Cornell, American capitalist and philanthropist (1807-1874). George Peabody, American merchant and philanthropist (1795-1869). William Wilson Corcoran, American philanthropist (1798-1888). James Lick, American philanthropist (1796-1876). Johns Hopkins, American capitalist and philanthropist (1795-1873). Cornelius Vanderbilt, American capitalist and philanthropist (1794-1877). Paul Tulane, American philanthropist (1801-1887). Philip Danforth Armour, American philanthropist (1832-1901). Leland Stanford, railroad constructor, senator and philanthropist (1824-1893). Lord Donald Alexander Smith Strathcona and Mount Royal, Canadian capitalist and philanthropist (1820-1914). John Pierpont Morgan, American financier (1837-1913). Marshall Field, American merchant and philanthropist (1835-1906). James J(erome) Hill, American railway president (1838-1916). Robert Falcon Scott, English Antarctic explorer (1868-1912). Wilbur Wright, American inventor and aeronaut (1867-1912). |
| 20th Cent. A. D. 1900 A. D. to 2000 A. D. | Pope Benedict XV., Giacomo Della Chiesa (1854- ——). Cardinal James Gibbons, American Roman Catholic prelate (1834- ——). Cardinal William Henry O’Connell, American Roman Catholic prelate (1859- ——). Cardinal John Murphy Farley, American Roman Catholic prelate (1842- ——). William Ashley Sunday, American evangelist (1863- ——). | Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer (1835- ——). Claude Debussy, (1862- ——). Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (1858- ——). Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (1840- ——). Sir E. W. Elgar, English composer (1857- ——). Piero Mascagni, Italian operatic composer (1863- ——). J. S. Sargent, American painter (1856- ——). Lorado Taft, American sculptor (1860- ——). Philip Martiny, American sculptor (1858- ——). William Hamo Thornycroft, English sculptor (1850- ——). George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (1863- ——). Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (1850- ——). Richard Strauss, German musical composer (1864- ——). J. F. L. Bonnat, French painter (1833- ——). Gutzon Borglum (John Gutzon de la Mothe), American sculptor (1867- ——). Frederick (William) MacMonnies, American sculptor (1863- ——). | Theodore Roosevelt, American author, publicist and twenty-sixth president of the United States (1858- ——). Arthur James Balfour, British statesman, philosophical writer (1848- ——). William II., third German emperor (1859- ——). David Lloyd George, British statesman (1863- ——). Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Canadian statesman (1841- ——). Robert Laird Borden, prime minister of Canada (1854- ——). Viscount Horatio Herbert Kitchener, British general (1850-1916). Wilhelmina, queen of Holland (1880- ——). Theodore von Bethmann-Hollweg, German statesman and Imperial Chancellor (1856- ——). Alfonso XIII., king of Spain (1886- ——). Woodrow Wilson, American publicist, twenty-eighth president of the United States (1856- ——). Edward Douglass White, American jurist (1845- ——). Elihu Root, publicist, ex-secretary of state (1845- ——). William Jennings Bryan, American publicist, ex-secretary of state (1860- ——). Henry Cabot Lodge, historian, publicist (1850- ——). Robert Marion LaFollette, American political reformer, publicist (1855- ——). Field Marshall von Hindenburg, German general (1847- ——). Field Marshal Joffre, French general (1853- ——). | Gabriele d’Annunzio, Italian poet and dramatist (1864- ——). Hermann Sudermann, German dramatist (1857- ——). Edmond Rostand, French dramatist (1864- ——). Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian novelist and dramatist (1862- ——). Gerhard Hauptmann, German dramatist (1862- ——). Perez Galdos, Spanish poet (1845- ——). Pierre Loti (L. Viaud), French traveler and writer (1850- ——). Anatole France, French novelist (1844- ——). Mrs. Humphry Ward, English novelist (1851- ——). T. Hall Caine, English novelist (1853- ——). John Galsworthy, British poet (1867- ——). Rudyard Kipling, British poet and novelist (1865- ——). Anthony Hope Hawkins, British novelist (1863- ——). George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist and writer (1856- ——). J. M. Barrie, Scottish novelist and dramatist (1860- ——). James Bryce, British historian and diplomat (1838- ——). Thomas Hardy, British novelist (1840- ——). Frederic Harrison, English essayist (1841- ——). William Dean Howells, American novelist (1837- ——). Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet (1861- ——). | Charles William Eliot, American educator (1834- ——). Rudolf Eucken, German philosopher (1846- ——). George Herbert Palmer, American moralist (1842- ——). William DeWitt Hyde, educator and philosopher (1858- ——). John Dewey, American educational psychologist (1859- ——). George Trumbull Ladd, American psychologist (1842- ——). | Sir J. J. Thomson, British physicist (1856- ——). S. Arrhenius, Swedish chemist (1859- ——). Nikola Tesla, American electrician and inventor (1857- ——). Sir Oliver Lodge, English physicist (1851- ——). Sir Wm. Ramsay, British chemist (1852- ——). James Geikie, British geologist (1839- ——). Sir Arch. Geikie, British geologist (1835- ——). Sir Wm. Crookes, British physicist (1832- ——). Luther Burbank, American plant breeder (1849- ——). Ira Remsen, American chemist (1846- ——). Theodore William Richards, American chemist (1868- ——). Albert Abraham Mitchelson, German-American physicist (1852- ——). Simon Flexner, American physician (1863- ——). Theobald Smith, American pathologist (1859- ——). David Starr Jordan, zoologist, sociologist (1851- ——). | Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the speaking telephone (1847- ——). Thomas Alva Edison, American inventor (1847- ——). G. Marconi, Italian inventor of wireless telegraph (1875- ——). K. W. Röntgen (1845- ——). Andrew Carnegie, American capitalist and philanthropist (1835- ——). Emile Berliner, German-American inventor (1851- ——). Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer (1863- ——). William Randolph Hearst, publicist and newspaper publisher (1863- ——). First Baron Alfred Charles William Harmsworth Northcliffe, English newspaper proprietor (1865- ——). Orville Wright, American inventor and aeronaut (1871- ——). Captain Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer and navigator (1872- ——). Robert Edwin Peary, American arctic explorer and officer U. S. N. (1856- ——). Phebe Apperson Hearst (née Apperson), American philanthropist (1842- ——). |