Centuries
Literature
Poets, Dramatists, Historians, Orators, Essayists, Novelists		Philosophy and Education
Philosophers, Educators, Psychologists, Moralists, Logicians		Science
Discoverers, Naturalists, Physicists, Mathematicians, Chemists, Physicians, Biologists
14th Cent. A. D.
1300 A. D. to 1400 A. D.		 Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (1340?-1400). John de Wycliffe, English reformer; translator of the Scriptures (1324?-1384). Francesco Petrarch (Petrarca), Italian writer of sonnets (1304-1374). Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian novelist (1313-1375). Mohammed Shems ed-Din Hafiz, Persian poet (1300?-1390). ... ...
15th Cent. A. D.
1400 A. D. to 1500 A. D.		 Lorenzo I. de’Medici, prince of Florence, poet, scholar, and patron of art and literature (1448-1492). ... ...
16th Cent. A. D.
1500 A. D. to 1600 A. D.		 Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (1474-1533). Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar (1467-1536). WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, the greatest English dramatist (1564-1616). MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE, Seigneur, French essayist (1533-1592). MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, Spanish novelist (1547-1616). Edmund Spenser, English poet (1553?-1599). Giordano Bruno, Italian anti-Christian writer (1550-1600). Luis Camoëns, Portuguese poet (1524-1597). Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (1544-1595). Ben Jonson, English dramatist (1573 or 1574-1637). Sir Thomas More, English poet, philosopher (1480-1535). FRANCIS BACON, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher and essayist (1561-1626). NIKOLAUS COPERNICUS, German astronomer (1473-1543). Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (1546-1601).
17th Cent. A. D.
1600 A. D. to 1700 A. D.		 Felix Lope de Vega Carpio, Spanish poet and dramatist (1562-1635). Joseph Addison, English poet and essayist (1672-1719). John Dryden, English poet (1631-1700). John Bunyan, English preacher and writer (1628-1688). JOHN MILTON, English poet (1608-1674). Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramatist (1600-1681). MOLIÉRE, real name Jean Baptiste Poquelin, French dramatist (1622-1673). Blaise Pascal, French author, mathematician (1623-1662). Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux French poet, satirist and critic (1636-1711). Jean Racine, French dramatic poet (1639-1699). François de Salignac de la Mothe Fénelon, archbishop of Cambray, French prelate and author (1651-1715). RENÉ DESCARTES, French philosopher, mathematician (1596-1650). GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ, German philosopher, mathematician (1646-1716). JOHN LOCKE, English philosopher and theologian (1632-1704). BARUCH (Benedict) SPINOZA, Dutch-Jewish philosopher (1632-1677). Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (1588-1679). Blaise Pascal, French philosopher and mathematician (1623-1662). JOHANN KEPLER, German astronomer (1571-1630). WILLIAM HARVEY, English anatomist and physician (1578-1657). Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer (1564-1642). Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist (1608-1647). Marcello Malpighi, Italian anatomist (1628-1694). Jacques, or James, Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (1654-1705). SIR ISAAC NEWTON, English philosopher and mathematician (1642-1727). Robert Boyle, Irish chemist and philosopher (1626-1692).
18th Cent. A. D.
1700 A. D. to 1800 A. D.		 Jonathan Swift, Irish divine and satirist (1667-1745). BARON CHARLES DE SECONDAT DE MONTESQUIEU, French jurist and writer (1689-1755). Alexander Pope, English poet (1688-1744). FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, French author, poet, wit, dramatist, historian, philosopher and skeptic (1694-1778). Edmund Burke, English statesman and orator (1729 or 1730-1797). Comte Gabriel Honoré Riquetti de Mirabeau, French orator and revolutionist (1749-1791). Robert Burns, Scotch poet (1759-1796). DAVID HUME, Scotch historian and philosopher (1711-1776). EDWARD GIBBON, English historian (1737-1794). Denis Diderot, French philosopher and writer (1713-1784). JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE, German author (1749-1832). JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER, German poet (1759-1805). Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher, theosophist (1688-1772). George Berkeley, Irish metaphysician (1684-1753). IMMANUEL KANT, German metaphysician (1724-1804). William Paley, English theologian, philosopher (1743-1805). Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German metaphysician (1762-1814). Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss educationist (1745-1827). Auguste Comte, French philosopher (1798-1857). Sir William Hamilton, Scottish metaphysician (1788-1856). Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher, (1712-1778). LINNÆUS (Karl von Linné), Swedish naturalist (1707-1778). ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER, French chemist (1743-1794). Marie François Xavier Bichat, French physiologist and anatomist (1771-1802). Joseph Priestley, English physicist, chemist, philospher, theologian (1733-1804). Jean le Rond d’Alembert, French mathematician (1717-1783). Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist (1742-1786).
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING, German author (1729-1781). Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher and writer (1712-1778). BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, American philosopher, statesman (1706-1790). HONORÉ DE BALZAC, French novelist (1799-1850). Baroness Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (Staël-Holstein), French authoress (1766-1817). William Cowper, English poet (1731-1800). Oliver Goldsmith, Irish poet, historian and novelist (1728-1774) Thomas Gray, English poet (1716-1771). Samuel Johnson, English lexicographer and miscellaneous writer (1709-1784).
19th Cent. A. D.
1800 A. D. to 1900 A. D.		 DANIEL WEBSTER, American statesman and orator (1782-1852). Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (1792-1822). John Keats, English poet (1796?-1821). Lord George Gordon Byron, English poet (1788-1824). SIR WALTER SCOTT, Scotch novelist and poet (1771-1832). WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, English poet (1770-1850). THOMAS CARLYLE, British essayist and historian (1795-1881). Leopold von Ranke, German historian (1795-1886). Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English metaphysician and poet (1772-1834). Viscount François Auguste de Chateaubriand, French author (1768-1848). James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (1779-1851). William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist (1794-1878). François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, French historian and statesman (1787-1874). GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL, German philosopher, metaphysician and pantheist (1770-1831). Friedrich Froebel, German educationist (1782-1852). Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860). John Stuart Mill, English philosopher and and political economist (1806-1873). Rudolf Hermann Lotze, German philosopher (1817-1881). HERBERT SPENCER, English philosopher (1820-1903). Frederick Wilhelm Nietzsche, German moralist (1844-1900). William James, American psychologist and philosopher (1842-1910). Hugo Münsterberg, German psychologist (1863-1917). James Burrill Angell, American educator and diplomat (1829-1916). Victor Cousin, French philosopher (1792-1867). George Holmes Howison, American philosopher (1834-1917). GEORGES LÉOPOLD CHRÉTIEN FRÉDERIC DAGOBERT CUVIER, French naturalist (1769-1832). Thomas Young, English physicist (1773-1829). Elessandro Volta, Italian physicist (1745-1827). Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace, French astronomer and mathematician (1749-1827). Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck, French naturalist (1744-1829). Michael Faraday, English physicist (1791-1867). Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, French botanist (1748-1836). Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Swiss botanist (1778-1841). John James Audubon, American ornithologist (1780-1851). Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, German naturalist (1769-1859). Sir Humphrey Davy, English chemist (1778-1829). Matthew Fontaine Maury, American hydrographer (1806-1873).
Washington Irving, American author (1783-1859). Barthold Georg Niebuhr, German historian and philologist (1776-1831). Esaias Tegnér, Swedish poet (1782-1846). Heinrich Heine, German poet and miscellaneous writer (1800?-1856). Thomas Babington Macaulay, English historian, essayist, poet and statesman (1800-1859). Elizabeth Barrett Browning, wife of Robert Browning, English poetess, (1809-1861). Robert Browning, English poet (1812-1889). William Makepeace Thackeray, English novelist (1811-1863). Edgar Allen Poe, American poet (1809-1849). Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author (1804-1864). Charles Dickens, English novelist (1812-1870). George Eliot (Marian Evans), English novelist (1820?-1880). Josiah Royce (1855-1917). Asa Gray, American botanist (1810-1888). Louis Agassiz, naturalist (1807-1873). August Weismann, German naturalist (1834- ——). Maria Mitchell, American astronomer (1818-1889). Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, German naturalist (1834- ——). HERMANN LUDWIG FERDINAND HELMHOLTZ, German physicist, anatomist and physiologist (1821-1894). Thomas Henry Huxley, English naturalist (1825-1895). LORD KELVIN (William Thompson), British physicist (1824-1907). James Prescott Joule, English physicist (1818-1889). Gustav Theodor Fechner, German physicist, philosopher, writer (1801-1887). John Tyndall, British physicist (1820-1893). LOUIS PASTEUR, French chemist (1822-1895).
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, American essayist and philosopher (1803-1882). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet (1807-1882). ALFRED TENNYSON, English poet (1809-1892). VICOMTE VICTOR MARIE HUGO, French poet and romance writer (1802-1885). James Russell Lowell, American poet and critic (1819-1891). Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian dramatist (1828-1906). Francis Parkman, American author (1823-1893). Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, French author and critic (1828-1893). Count Lyof N. Tolstoi, Russian novelist (1828-1910). Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (1804-1869). Björnstjerne Björnson, Norwegian author (1832-1910). Joseph Ernest Renan, French orientalist, author and critic (1823-1892). CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN, English naturalist (1809-1882). Baron Justus von Liebig, German chemist (1803-1873). Cesare Lombroso, Italian criminalogist, (1836-1909). Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician (1827-1912). Caroline Lucretia Herschel, Anglo-German astronomer (1750-1848). Pierre Charles L’Enfant, French military engineer (1755-1825). Johannes Müller, German physiologist (1801-1858). Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (1800-1882). Henry Augustus Rowland, American physicist (1848-1901). Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, American geologist (1841-1906). Simon Newcomb, American astronomer (1835-1909). Wilhelm Max Wundt, German physiologist (1832-1916).
John Ruskin, English writer on art, especially painting (1819-1900). Henry D. Thoreau, American author (1817-1862). Alexandre Dumas, French novelist and dramatist (1803-1870). Théophile Gautier, French poet, novelist and critic (1811-1872). G. Sand (Mme. Dudevant), French novelist (1804-1876). Fedor Dostoyevski, Russian novelist (1821-1881). Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English artist, poet (1828-1882). Ivan Turgeneff, Russian novelist (1818-1883). Walt Whitman, American poet (1819-1892). Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen, German historian (1817-1892). John Greenleaf Whittier, American poet (1807-1892). Oliver Wendell Holmes, American physician, poet and essayist (1809-1894). D. I. Mendeleeff, Russian chemist (1834-1907). J. H. van ’t Hoff, Dutch chemist (1852-1911). Elie Metchnikoff, Russian bacteriologist (1845-1916). Robert Koch, German physician (1843-1910). Francis Galton, British anthropologist (1822-1911). Julius von Sachs, German botanist (1832-1897). Sir Michael Foster, British physiologist (1834-1907). S(ilas) Weir Mitchell, American neurologist (1829-1914).
Alphonse Daudet, French novelist (1840-1897). Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain), American humorist (1835-1910). Henry James, American novelist (1843-1916). Emile Zola, French novelist (1840-1902). Johan August Strindberg (1849-1912). James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (1853-1916).
20th Cent. A. D.
1900 A. D. to 2000 A. D.		 Gabriele d’Annunzio, Italian poet and dramatist (1864- ——). Hermann Sudermann, German dramatist (1857- ——). Edmond Rostand, French dramatist (1864- ——). Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian novelist and dramatist (1862- ——). Gerhard Hauptmann, German dramatist (1862- ——). Perez Galdos, Spanish poet (1845- ——). Pierre Loti (L. Viaud), French traveler and writer (1850- ——). Anatole France, French novelist (1844- ——). Mrs. Humphry Ward, English novelist (1851- ——). T. Hall Caine, English novelist (1853- ——). John Galsworthy, British poet (1867- ——). Rudyard Kipling, British poet and novelist (1865- ——). Anthony Hope Hawkins, British novelist (1863- ——). George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist and writer (1856- ——). J. M. Barrie, Scottish novelist and dramatist (1860- ——). James Bryce, British historian and diplomat (1838- ——). Thomas Hardy, British novelist (1840- ——). Frederic Harrison, English essayist (1841- ——). William Dean Howells, American novelist (1837- ——). Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet (1861- ——). Charles William Eliot, American educator (1834- ——). Rudolf Eucken, German philosopher (1846- ——). George Herbert Palmer, American moralist (1842- ——). William DeWitt Hyde, educator and philosopher (1858- ——). John Dewey, American educational psychologist (1859- ——). George Trumbull Ladd, American psychologist (1842- ——). Sir J. J. Thomson, British physicist (1856- ——). S. Arrhenius, Swedish chemist (1859- ——). Nikola Tesla, American electrician and inventor (1857- ——). Sir Oliver Lodge, English physicist (1851- ——). Sir Wm. Ramsay, British chemist (1852- ——). James Geikie, British geologist (1839- ——). Sir Arch. Geikie, British geologist (1835- ——). Sir Wm. Crookes, British physicist (1832- ——). Luther Burbank, American plant breeder (1849- ——). Ira Remsen, American chemist (1846- ——). Theodore William Richards, American chemist (1868- ——). Albert Abraham Mitchelson, German-American physicist (1852- ——). Simon Flexner, American physician (1863- ——). Theobald Smith, American pathologist (1859- ——). David Starr Jordan, zoologist, sociologist (1851- ——).