1513.—Balboa (Span.) crosses Isthmus of Panama and discovers Pacific Ocean.
1516.—Solis (Span.) reaches La Plata.
1517.—Sebastian Cabot (Eng.) discovers Hudson Strait.
1519-21.—Cortez (Span.).—conquers Mexico.
1519-21.—Magellan (Span.) first to circumnavigate the globe. Passes through the Strait of Magellan, crosses the Pacific, and discovers the Philippines.
1534.—Pizarro (Span.) completes the conquest of Peru.
1535.—Diego d’Almagro (Span.) conquers Chili.
1535-42.—Jacques Cartier (Fr.) finds Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ascends river to Hochelaga (Montreal).
1539.—Francesco de Ulloa (Span.) explores Gulf of California.
1540 (about).—French continent of Australia seen by French sailors.