| A. D. | Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia | Scandinavia and Russia | Eastern Empire | Saracens | China, Japan, India |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1219. Japan: The shogunate seized by the Fujiwara. | |||||
| 1224-1240. Mongolian invasion of Russia. | 1221. Robert Guiscard, Emperor. | 1221. The Khorasmian Empire overthrown by Genghis Khan. | |||
| 1225 | |||||
| 1242. Alexander Nevski, Prince of Novgorod. | 1244. The Khorasmians take Jerusalem. | ||||
| 1250 | 1250. Egypt: The Mamelukes rule; take Damascus and Aleppo. | ||||
| 1262. Norway: Iceland subjected.Greenland tributary to Norway. | 1261. Michael Palæologus recoversConstantinople and overthrows the Latin Empire. | 1258. Hulaku Khan enters Persia, takes Bagdad, and an end to the caliphate. | 1259-1294. China: Kublai Khan, Emperor of all China, founder of theMongol dynasty. | ||
| 1264. China: Kublai Khan builds Pekin, and makes it his capital. | |||||
| 1275 | 1279. Russia: Hanseatic settlement atNovgorod. | 1281. Japan: Invasion of MongolTatars. | |||
| 1295. Poland: Vladislav the Dwarf, founder ofPolish greatness. | 1291. Capture of Acre by the Mamelukes; end of the European states inAsia Minor. | 1288. Othman begins to lay the foundations of the Turkish power in Asia Minor. | |||
| 1300 | |||||
| 1315-1388. AUSTRO-SWISS WAR. | |||||
| 1325 | 1326. Death of Othman; Orkhan, son of Othman, makes Prusa hiscapital. | ||||
| 1327. Nicomedia taken by Orkhan. | |||||
| 1328. Moscow under the Grand-duke Ivan Kalita becomes paramount in Russia. | 1329. Andronicus III. defeated by the Turks in the battleof Pelekanon. 1330. Nicæa taken. | ||||
| 1333. Poland: Casimir the Great becomes King. | 1333. China: Shun-te last of the Mongol Emperors succeeds. Japan: Fall ofthe Hojo family. | ||||
| 1342.Hungary: Louis the Great. | 1340. Denmark: Waldemar III. | 1341. John V.(Paleologus), Emperor. | 1336-1392. Japan: Feudalism reached its height. | ||
| 1350 | 1354. Turks seize Gallipoli in Europe. | ||||
| 1359. Murad I., conquered Adrianople. | |||||
| 1365. Adrianople residence of sovereigns. | 1363. Timur, or Tamerlane, begins his career of conquest. | ||||
| 1368-1398. China: Hung Woo establishes the native Ming dynasty. | |||||
| 1370. Poland: Extinction of the royal race of Piasts with CasimirIII. | 1369. Timur becomes king of Transoxiana and makes Samarcand the capital of his new empire. | ||||
| 1375 | 1382. Russia: The Tartars sack Moscow. | 1381. The empire pays tribute to theTurks. | |||
| 1387. Denmark and Norway: Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, becomes queen. | 1392. Timur subjugates Persia. | ||||
| 1397. Union of Calmar, forming Denmark, Sweden and Norway into a single monarchy. | 1398. Invasion of India by Timur; he takes Delhi. | ||||
| 1400 | 1402. Bajazet defeated and made prisoner by Timur at the battle ofAngora. | 1400-1573. Japan: The Shoguns dominate for almost two centuries. | |||
| 1403. Empire of the Turks divided after death of Bajazet, among Solyman I., Musa and Mohammed I. | |||||
| 1419. Bohemia: HUSSITE WAR. | 1413. Mohammed I. sole ruler of the Turks. | ||||
| 1420. Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia. | |||||
| 1424. Bohemia: Death of John Ziska, the Hussite leader. | |||||
| 1425 | 1429-1463. Cosmo de’ Medici inFlorence, great patron of the arts and sciences. | ||||
| 1438-1439. The emperor visits Italy to obtain help against the Turks. | |||||
| 1448. Denmark: Christian I., of Oldenburg,King. Sweden: Charles VIII. | 1448. Constantine XII., last of the Greekemperors. | ||||
| 1450 | 1451. Mohammed II., sultan of the Turks. | ||||
| 1453. Siege and capture of Constantinople by the Turks,ending the Eastern Empire. | |||||
| Ottoman Empire | |||||
| 1458. Hungary: Matthias Corvinus makes his country formidable to her neighbors. | 1458. Greece subjected to the Turks. | ||||
| 1464. War with Hungary. | |||||
| 1468. Uzun Hasan, master of all Persia. | |||||
| 1470. Forms an alliance with the Venetiansand the Duke of Burgundy against the Turks; conquers Bagdad. | 1469. India: The Sikhs become powerful. | ||||
| 1472. Russia: Ivan III. marries Sophia, niece of theGreek Emperor. | |||||
| 1475 | 1477. Hungary: War with Frederick III. | ||||
| 1480. Otranto taken. 1481. Bajazet II., Sultan. | |||||
| 1483-1498. Charles VIII. | |||||
| 1485. Hungary: Matthias Corvinus takes Vienna. | |||||
XI. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1492-1648 A. D.
Great Events of Period. 1500-1600: The Reformation: Immense development of new life in Europe. Age of Charles V. Power of Spain, and her conquests in America. The monarchy strong in England. 1600-1700: The Thirty Years’ War, at first a life struggle of Roman Catholics and Protestants, results in downfall of Spain, and the ascendency of France, which reached its zenith under Louis XIV.
| A. D. | Britain | Spain and Portugal | Holland | France | Holy Roman Empire | Poland, Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia | Scandinavia and Russia | Ottoman Empire and Persia | China, Japan, India | A. D. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy and Church | Germany and Austria | ||||||||||
| The power of Spain grew rapidly. Greatest power in Europe during most of Sixteenth Century. | 1491. Bretagne united to the crown. | ||||||||||
| 1492. America discovered by COLUMBUS. | 1493-1519. Maximilian I. | ||||||||||
| 1494-1529. WARS WITH FRENCH for control of Italy. | 1494-1529. WARS FOR THE CONTROL OF ITALY between the French and Spanish. | 1494. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy. 1494-1559.Sixty-five years of Italian Wars. | 1495. Diet at Worms. | ||||||||
| 1497-1503. Voyages of Amerigo Vespucius. South American coast explored. | COPERNICUS (1473-1543). | ||||||||||
| 1498. Vasco de Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope. | |||||||||||
| 1500 | 1502. Marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter,Margaret, with James IV., King of Scotland. | 1500. Partition of Naples between France and Spain. | 1502. Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongolpower in Russia. | 1502. Persia: Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself solesovereign of Persia. | 1500 | ||||||
| 1503. Naples annexed to the Spanish crown. JULIUS II., pope. | |||||||||||
| 1509. Henry VIII., King. | 1506. Columbus dies at Valladolid. | 1506-1530. Margaret of Austria regent for her nephewCharles. | 1506. Poland: Sigismund I., the Great. | 1505. War with Persia. | 1506. China: Portuguese, first Europeans in China. | ||||||
| 1512. War with France. Alliance with Spain and the Pope againstFrance. | 1510. Council of Tours. | 1512. Maximilian divides the empire into ten circles. | 1512. Selim I. dethrones and puts to death his father. | ||||||||
| 1513. Battle of Flodden; James IV. killed. | 1513. Pope LEO X. patron of literature and the arts. | LUTHER (1483-1546). | 1514. Persians defeated; Kurdistan added to theempire. | ||||||||
| 1515. Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal. | 1515. Francis I. invades Italy. | ||||||||||
| 1516-1556. CHARLES I. of Spain and V. of Germany. | ARIOSTO (1474-1533). | 1517. Beginning of the Reformation. | 1516. Cairo taken. | ||||||||
| 1519. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. | RAPHAEL (1483-1520). | 1519-1556. CHARLES V., King of Spain, Emperor. | 1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Sweden and overthrows StenSture. | 1520. Soliman the Magnificent, Sultan. | |||||||
| 1521. First war with Charles V. | 1521. Accession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg. | 1523. Sweden: Revolt under GustavusVasa. The Danes expelled. Union of Calmar dissolved. Denmark and Norway: Frederick I. | 1521. Belgrade taken. | ||||||||
| 1525 | 1525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. | 1525. Spanish ascendency by the victory of Pavia. MICHAELANGELO (1475-1564). TITIAN (1477-1576). | HOLBEIN (1498-1559). | 1525. Albert, Grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession. | 1526. Invasion of Hungary. | 1526. India: Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi. | 1525 | ||||
| 1527. Second war with Charles V. | |||||||||||
| 1529. Reformation begins in England. | Rivalry of Spain and France begins. | CALVIN (1509-1564). | 1530. Russia: Ivan IV., the Terrible. | 1529. Invasion of Austria. Siege of Vienna. | |||||||
| 1532. The king marries Anne Boleyn. | 1531-1532. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro. | 1532-1544. Struggle for possession of Italy. | 1533. Norway and Denmark: Christian III. | ||||||||
| 1535. Henry excommunicated by the Pope. | IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556). | 1535. Barbarossa seizes Tunis. | |||||||||
| 1540. Lisbon the market of the world. | 1540. Order of Jesuits founded by LOYOLA. | ||||||||||
| 1543. Invasion of France. | 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. | 1543. Alliance with England against France. | |||||||||
| 1547. Edward VI., King. Formal establishment ofProtestantism. | 1547. Henry II., King; Catherinede’ Medici, Queen. | 1545. Council of Trent. | 1546-1547. Schmalkaldic War. | 1547. Turks invade Persia. | |||||||
| 1550 | 1552. Fifth war with Charles V. | 1550. Julius III., Pope. | 1551. Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to theProtestants. | 1551. Tripoli taken. | 1550 | ||||||
| 1553. Mary Tudor, Queen of England. | 1552. Invasion of Hungary. | ||||||||||
| 1554. Lady Jane Grey executed. | PALISSY (1510-1589). | ||||||||||
| 1555. Persecution of the Protestants. | 1556. Philip II., King. | 1556. Charles V. abdicates. | 1556. India: AKBAR becomes Mogul emperor, a patron ofscience and literature. Mogul Empire at its greatest splendor. | ||||||||
| 1558. ELIZABETH, Queen. Rise of the Puritans. | CAMOENS (1525-1579). | RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 1562-1598. | 1559. Termination of French wars in Italy. | 1559. Denmark and Norway: Frederick II. | 1559. Military power of the Turks at its greatest heightunder Soliman. | ||||||
| 1564. Acquisition of the Philippines. | 1562. Religious liberty granted to the Huguenots. | Tintoretto (1512-1594). | 1564. Maximilian II.,Emperor. | Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). | |||||||
| 1568. Mary, Queen of Scots, takes refugein England. | 1567. Duke of Alva, Governor of the Netherlands. | WAR OF LIBERATION. 1568-1648. Sanguinary tribunals. Egmont and Horn beheaded, 1568. | MONTAIGNE (1533-1592). | 1569. Florence a grand duchy. | 1569. Poland and Lithuania united by the Dietof Lublin. | 1570. War with Venice. | |||||
| SPENSER (1553-1599). SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1552-1618). | 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | Reign of Terror under Alva. | 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. | Torquato Tasso (1544-1595). | 1571. Russia devastated by the Tartars, and Moscow burned. | 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | 1573. Japan: Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns;Nobunaga supreme. | ||||
| 1575 | 1576. The Catholic league. | 1576. Rudolph II., (King of Bohemia and Hungary),Emperor. | 1575. Poland: Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits. | 1575 | |||||||
| 1577. Sixth religious war. | 1578. Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia. | ||||||||||
| 1580. Portugal passes under Spanish dominion. | 1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht; William, Prince ofOrange, stadholder. | ||||||||||
| 1584. Raleigh’s colony in Virginia. | 1584. William of Orange assassinated. | ||||||||||
| 1585. War with Spain. | 1585. Pope Sixtus V. restores the Vatican library. | ||||||||||
| 1588. Spanish Armada destroyed. | 1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. England savedfrom Spanish invasion. | 1588. Revolt of Paris. | 1587. Poland: Sigismund III., King. | 1588. Denmark: Christian IV. | |||||||
| Maritime supremacy of England begins. | 1589-1792. House of Bourbon. 1589-1610. HENRY IV. | 1589. Revolt of the Janisaries. | |||||||||
| CERVANTES (1547-1616). | 1590. Siege of Paris raised by the Spaniards. | 1592. The Rialto and Piazza di San Marco built at Venice. | 1592. Sweden: Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to theSwedish crown. | ||||||||
| 1596-1597. Naval expeditions of Drake and Raleigh inSouth America. Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burned. | 1598-1621. Philip III. | 1598. Edict of Nantestoleration granted to the Protestants. | GALILEO (1564-1642). | 1594. Union of Protestants at Heilbronn. | RUBENS (1577-1640). | 1595. Power in Hungary declines; revolt of Wallachia. | |||||
| SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616). | KEPLER (1571-1630). | ||||||||||
| 1600 | 1603. Union of England and Scotland. | 1603. Japan: Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun: hisdescendants retain power till 1868. | 1600 | ||||||||
| BACON (1561-1626). | 1583-1645. GROTIUS. | ||||||||||
| 1607. English settlement at Jamestown. | 1609. Expulsion of the Moors. | 1610. Assassination of HenryIV. | 1609. Leghorn becomes theemporium of the Levant trade. | 1608. Protestant union under Frederick theElector. | 1611. Sweden:GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King. War with Denmark. Oxenstiern, Minister. | 1605. India: Jehangir, Mogul, Emperor. | |||||
| 1614. Last assembly of the states-general. | 1613. Russia: Michael Romanoff, Czar, founder of the present ruling line. | ||||||||||
| 1616. Sweden dominates the North. | |||||||||||
| 1618-1648. | THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARSWAR. | 1618-1648. | |||||||||
| 1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding of Plymouth. | 1621. Dutch War. | 1621. Dutch West India Company incorporated. | 1620. Massacre of Prague. | ||||||||
| HARVEY (1578-1657). | 1624. Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu. | ||||||||||
| 1625 | 1625. Charles I., King. | 1625. Naval war with England. | 1625. Breda taken by Spinola. | DESCARTES (1596-1650). | 1626. St. Peter’s dedicated. | 1628. Victories of Wallenstein. | 1625 | ||||
| 1629. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. | War with Austria 1682-1699. | ||||||||||
| 1632. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by LordBaltimore. | 1631. Influence of France increases. | 1632. Battle of Lutzen. | 1632. War with Russia. Poles advance to Moscow. | 1632. Sweden: Christina,Queen; Oxenstiern, Regent. | 1634. Murad invades Persia. | ||||||
| 1639. Great naval victory by Van Tromp,over the Spanish fleet in the Downs. Vandyck (1599-1641). | 1638. Invasion of Spain. | 1637. Troubles on the Tartar frontier. Bagdad taken by the Turks. | |||||||||
| 1642-1649. CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION. | 1640. Portugal regains independence. VELASQUEZ(1599-1660). | 1640. Turin taken by the French. 1643. LOUIS XIV., King. | 1646. Revolt ofNaples under Masaniello. | 1640. Frederick William of Prussia. | 1645. War with Venice. | 1644. China: Establishment of the Manchudynasty. | |||||
| 1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. The presbyterians expelled from parliament, which receives the name of“the Rump.” | 1648. Wars of the Fronde. | 1648. Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed atMunster. At this time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” inEurope. | |||||||||
| A. D. | Britain | Poland, Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia | Scandinavia and Russia | Ottoman Empire and Persia | China, Japan, India |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1500 | 1502. Marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter,Margaret, with James IV., King of Scotland. | 1502. Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongolpower in Russia. | 1502. Persia: Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself solesovereign of Persia. | ||
| 1509. Henry VIII., King. | 1506. Poland: Sigismund I., the Great. | 1505. War with Persia. | 1506. China: Portuguese, first Europeans in China. | ||
| 1512. War with France. Alliance with Spain and the Pope againstFrance. | 1512. Selim I. dethrones and puts to death his father. | ||||
| 1513. Battle of Flodden; James IV. killed. | 1514. Persians defeated; Kurdistan added to theempire. | ||||
| 1515. Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal. | |||||
| 1516. Cairo taken. | |||||
| 1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Sweden and overthrows StenSture. | 1520. Soliman the Magnificent, Sultan. | ||||
| 1523. Sweden: Revolt under GustavusVasa. The Danes expelled. Union of Calmar dissolved. Denmark and Norway: Frederick I. | 1521. Belgrade taken. | ||||
| 1525 | 1525. Albert, Grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession. | 1526. Invasion of Hungary. | 1526. India: Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi. | ||
| 1529. Reformation begins in England. | 1530. Russia: Ivan IV., the Terrible. | 1529. Invasion of Austria. Siege of Vienna. | |||
| 1532. The king marries Anne Boleyn. | 1533. Norway and Denmark: Christian III. | ||||
| 1535. Henry excommunicated by the Pope. | 1535. Barbarossa seizes Tunis. | ||||
| 1543. Invasion of France. | |||||
| 1547. Edward VI., King. Formal establishment ofProtestantism. | 1547. Turks invade Persia. | ||||
| 1550 | 1551. Tripoli taken. | ||||
| 1553. Mary Tudor, Queen of England. | 1552. Invasion of Hungary. | ||||
| 1554. Lady Jane Grey executed. | |||||
| 1555. Persecution of the Protestants. | 1556. India: AKBAR becomes Mogul emperor, a patron ofscience and literature. Mogul Empire at its greatest splendor. | ||||
| 1558. ELIZABETH, Queen. Rise of the Puritans. | 1559. Denmark and Norway: Frederick II. | 1559. Military power of the Turks at its greatest heightunder Soliman. | |||
| Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). | |||||
| 1568. Mary, Queen of Scots, takes refugein England. | 1569. Poland and Lithuania united by the Dietof Lublin. | 1570. War with Venice. | |||
| SPENSER (1553-1599). SIR WALTER RALEIGH (1552-1618). | 1571. Russia devastated by the Tartars, and Moscow burned. | 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | 1573. Japan: Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns;Nobunaga supreme. | ||
| 1575 | 1575. Poland: Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits. | ||||
| 1578. Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia. | |||||
| 1584. Raleigh’s colony in Virginia. | |||||
| 1585. War with Spain. | |||||
| 1588. Spanish Armada destroyed. | 1587. Poland: Sigismund III., King. | 1588. Denmark: Christian IV. | |||
| Maritime supremacy of England begins. | 1589. Revolt of the Janisaries. | ||||
| 1592. Sweden: Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to theSwedish crown. | |||||
| 1596-1597. Naval expeditions of Drake and Raleigh inSouth America. Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burned. | RUBENS (1577-1640). | 1595. Power in Hungary declines; revolt of Wallachia. | |||
| SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616). | |||||
| 1600 | 1603. Union of England and Scotland. | 1603. Japan: Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun: hisdescendants retain power till 1868. | |||
| BACON (1561-1626). | |||||
| 1607. English settlement at Jamestown. | 1611. Sweden:GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King. War with Denmark. Oxenstiern, Minister. | 1605. India: Jehangir, Mogul, Emperor. | |||
| 1613. Russia: Michael Romanoff, Czar, founder of the present ruling line. | |||||
| 1616. Sweden dominates the North. | |||||
| 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR. 1618-1648. | |||||
| 1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding of Plymouth. | |||||
| HARVEY (1578-1657). | |||||
| 1625 | 1625. Charles I., King. | ||||
| War with Austria 1682-1699. | |||||
| 1632. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by LordBaltimore. | 1632. War with Russia. Poles advance to Moscow. | 1632. Sweden: Christina,Queen; Oxenstiern, Regent. | 1634. Murad invades Persia. | ||
| 1637. Troubles on the Tartar frontier. Bagdad taken by the Turks. | |||||
| 1642-1649. CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION. | 1640. Frederick William of Prussia. | 1645. War with Venice. | 1644. China: Establishment of the Manchudynasty. | ||
| 1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. The presbyterians expelled from parliament, which receives the name of“the Rump.” | 1648. Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed atMunster. At this time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” inEurope. | ||||
| A. D. | Spain and Portugal | Holland | France | Holy Roman Empire | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy and Church | Germany and Austria | ||||
| The power of Spain grew rapidly. Greatest power in Europe during most of Sixteenth Century. | 1491. Bretagne united to the crown. | ||||
| 1492. America discovered by COLUMBUS. | 1493-1519. Maximilian I. | ||||
| 1494-1529. WARS WITH FRENCH for control of Italy. | 1494-1529. WARS FOR THE CONTROL OF ITALY between the French and Spanish. | 1494. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy. 1494-1559.Sixty-five years of Italian Wars. | 1495. Diet at Worms. | ||
| 1497-1503. Voyages of Amerigo Vespucius. South American coast explored. | COPERNICUS (1473-1543). | ||||
| 1498. Vasco de Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope. | |||||
| 1500 | 1500. Partition of Naples between France and Spain. | ||||
| 1503. Naples annexed to the Spanish crown. JULIUS II., pope. | |||||
| 1506. Columbus dies at Valladolid. | 1506-1530. Margaret of Austria regent for her nephewCharles. | ||||
| 1510. Council of Tours. | 1512. Maximilian divides the empire into ten circles. | ||||
| 1513. Pope LEO X. patron of literature and the arts. | LUTHER (1483-1546). | ||||
| 1515. Francis I. invades Italy. | |||||
| 1516-1556. CHARLES I. of Spain and V. of Germany. | ARIOSTO (1474-1533). | 1517. Beginning of the Reformation. | |||
| 1519. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. | RAPHAEL (1483-1520). | 1519-1556. CHARLES V., King of Spain, Emperor. | |||
| 1521. First war with Charles V. | 1521. Accession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg. | ||||
| 1525 | 1525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. | 1525. Spanish ascendency by the victory of Pavia. MICHAELANGELO (1475-1564). TITIAN (1477-1576). | HOLBEIN (1498-1559). | ||
| 1527. Second war with Charles V. | |||||
| Rivalry of Spain and France begins. | CALVIN (1509-1564). | ||||
| 1531-1532. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro. | 1532-1544. Struggle for possession of Italy. | ||||
| IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556). | |||||
| 1540. Lisbon the market of the world. | 1540. Order of Jesuits founded by LOYOLA. | ||||
| 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. | 1543. Alliance with England against France. | ||||
| 1547. Henry II., King; Catherinede’ Medici, Queen. | 1545. Council of Trent. | 1546-1547. Schmalkaldic War. | |||
| 1550 | 1552. Fifth war with Charles V. | 1550. Julius III., Pope. | 1551. Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to theProtestants. | ||
| PALISSY (1510-1589). | |||||
| 1556. Philip II., King. | 1556. Charles V. abdicates. | ||||
| CAMOENS (1525-1579). | RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 1562-1598. | 1559. Termination of French wars in Italy. | |||
| 1564. Acquisition of the Philippines. | 1562. Religious liberty granted to the Huguenots. | Tintoretto (1512-1594). | 1564. Maximilian II.,Emperor. | ||
| 1567. Duke of Alva, Governor of the Netherlands. | WAR OF LIBERATION. 1568-1648. Sanguinary tribunals. Egmont and Horn beheaded, 1568. | MONTAIGNE (1533-1592). | 1569. Florence a grand duchy. | ||
| 1571. Battle of Lepanto. | Reign of Terror under Alva. | 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. | Torquato Tasso (1544-1595). | ||
| 1575 | 1576. The Catholic league. | 1576. Rudolph II., (King of Bohemia and Hungary),Emperor. | |||
| 1577. Sixth religious war. | |||||
| 1580. Portugal passes under Spanish dominion. | 1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht; William, Prince ofOrange, stadholder. | ||||
| 1584. William of Orange assassinated. | |||||
| 1585. Pope Sixtus V. restores the Vatican library. | |||||
| 1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. England savedfrom Spanish invasion. | 1588. Revolt of Paris. | ||||
| 1589-1792. House of Bourbon. 1589-1610. HENRY IV. | |||||
| CERVANTES (1547-1616). | 1590. Siege of Paris raised by the Spaniards. | 1592. The Rialto and Piazza di San Marco built at Venice. | |||
| 1598-1621. Philip III. | 1598. Edict of Nantestoleration granted to the Protestants. | GALILEO (1564-1642). | 1594. Union of Protestants at Heilbronn. | ||
| KEPLER (1571-1630). | |||||
| 1600 | |||||
| 1583-1645. GROTIUS. | |||||
| 1609. Expulsion of the Moors. | 1610. Assassination of HenryIV. | 1609. Leghorn becomes theemporium of the Levant trade. | 1608. Protestant union under Frederick theElector. | ||
| 1614. Last assembly of the states-general. | |||||
| 1618-1648. | THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR. | 1618-1648. | |||
| 1621. Dutch War. | 1621. Dutch West India Company incorporated. | 1620. Massacre of Prague. | |||
| 1624. Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu. | |||||
| 1625 | 1625. Naval war with England. | 1625. Breda taken by Spinola. | DESCARTES (1596-1650). | 1626. St. Peter’s dedicated. | 1628. Victories of Wallenstein. |
| 1629. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. | |||||
| 1631. Influence of France increases. | 1632. Battle of Lutzen. | ||||
| 1639. Great naval victory by Van Tromp,over the Spanish fleet in the Downs. Vandyck (1599-1641). | 1638. Invasion of Spain. | ||||
| 1640. Portugal regains independence. VELASQUEZ(1599-1660). | 1640. Turin taken by the French. 1643. LOUIS XIV., King. | 1646. Revolt ofNaples under Masaniello. | |||
| 1648. Wars of the Fronde. | 1648. Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed atMunster. At this time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” inEurope. | ||||