XIII. FROM THE RECOGNITION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC, 1783-1848 A. D.
Great Events of Period. France chief power in Europe. Napoleon’s colossal power and downfall. Fall of despotisms and rise of Republicanism; great political advance of European people. Continued rapid advancement of science, inventions and discoveries. Increased philanthropic effort and intellectual enlightenment.
| A. D. | United States | Great Britain | Spain and Portugal | France | Italy and Church | Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland | Germany | Prussia and Poland | Russia | Ottomans, China, India, Japan | A. D. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1787. Warren Hastings impeached. | 1788. Charles IV., King. | 1787. First assembly of Notables. Lafayette commander of the nationalguards. | SCHILLER (1759-1805). | 1786. Prussia: Death of Frederick the Great. Frederick William II. | 1787. War with the Turks. | 1787. Disastrous war with Austria and Russia. | |||||
| 1789. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. | 1789-1799. FRENCH REVOLUTION. | ||||||||||
| 1792. War with Germany. France declared a republic. Battle of Valmy. | 1792. Sweden: Gustavus IV. | 1792. War with France. | |||||||||
| 1793. Washington re-elected. Neutrality in regard to France. | 1793. First Coalition against France: Directed by England, which formsalliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark andTurkey. | ||||||||||
| 1793. King and Queen beheaded. Reign of Terror. | 1793. Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia. | ||||||||||
| HAMILTON 1757-1804. | GOETHE (1749-1832). | 1794. Polish revolt at Cracow. Revolt under Kosciuszko. | |||||||||
| 1795. The Directorate. 1795. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE commands thearmy. | 1795. Holland conquered and the Batavian Republic proclaimed. | 1795. Final partition of Poland; extinction of the kingdom. | |||||||||
| 1797. John Adams, second president. | 1797. NELSON destroys French fleet near Alexandria. | 1796. Alliance with France; war against England. | 1796. War in Italy. 1797. Napoleon in Austria. | 1796-1797. Napoleon’s Italian campaign. | 1797. Napoleon’s Austrian campaign. Peace of Campo Formio inwhich Austria cedes Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia. | 1796. Unsuccessful war with Persia. | |||||
| 1798. Second Coalition against France: Alliances of England withRussia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria—Prussia, Holland and Belgium, neutral. | |||||||||||
| 1798. Expedition to Egypt. | 1798. Roman republic proclaimed by the French. | 1798. Swiss revolution. Helvetian Republic declared. | 1798. Prussia: Frederick William III. | 1798. War with the French in Egypt. | |||||||
| 1799. Swiss campaign. | |||||||||||
| 1800 | 1800. Union of England. | 1800. Battle of Marengo. | 1800 | ||||||||
| 1801. THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president. | SIR WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). | Madame de Staël (1766-1817). 1802-1815. NAPOLEONICWARS. | 1802. Napoleon, President of the Italian Republic. | 1801. Danish fleet at Copenhagen defeated by Nelson. | 1801. Alexander I. | ||||||
| 1803. Purchase of Louisiana. | 1803. Successful war in India. | 1803. Purchases neutrality with the French by a subsidiary treaty; declares war against England,1804. | 1803. End of the Holy Roman Empire. Frances II. | 1803. Insurrection of Mamelukes at Cairo. 1803. India: GreatMahratta War. | |||||||
| JOHN MARSHALL 1755-1835. | 1804-1814. First French Empire. Napoleon I., Emperor of the French. BICHAT (1771-1802). 1804. Code Napoleon published. | 1804. The Emperor of Germany assumes the title of Emperor of Austria. | 1804. War with Persia. | ||||||||
| Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia henceforth the center of the German federatesystem. | |||||||||||
| HEGEL (1770-1831). | |||||||||||
| 1805. Third Coalition against France: formed by England; alliances withSweden, Russia and Austria—Prussia unfortunately neutral. | |||||||||||
| 1805. Napoleon defeated at Trafalgar. | 1805. Battle of Trafalgar. | 1805. May 26, Bonaparte crowned King of Italy, at Milan. Naval defeat at Trafalgar. Austriancampaign; battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. | 1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy. | 1805. Battle of Austerlitz. | |||||||
| WORDSWORTH (1770-1850). | Napoleon Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. | ||||||||||
| CUVIER (1769-1832). | |||||||||||
| 1806. Fourth Coalition against France: England, Russia,Prussia, Saxony and Sweden. | |||||||||||
| 1806. British Orders in Council and Napoleon’s decrees seriously impair American commerce. | 1807. Bill for the abolition of the slave trade,passed. | 1807. Invasion of Portugal. | 1806. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Victories of Auerstädt and Jena overthe Prussians. Berlin decree against British commerce. | 1806. Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland. | 1807. Victories of Eylau and of Friedland are followed by the peaceof Tilsit in which Prussia loses her Polish territories. | 1807. Treaty of Tilsit. | 1807. War against Russia and England. | ||||
| 1808. Madrid taken by the French. Joseph Bonaparte, King. | 1808. Rome annexed by Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy. | 1808. Denmark: Frederick VI. | BEETHOVEN (1770-1827). | ||||||||
| 1809. James Madison, fourth president. | 1809. Fifth Coalition against France: England, Austria, Spain andPortugal. | 1809. Papal states annexed to France. | 1809. Sweden: Charles XIII.; Bernadotte becomes prince royal. | 1809. Battles of Eckmühl, Aspern and Wagram. Peace of Vienna. Austria cedes territory to Russia,Bavaria and France. | |||||||
| 1810. Continental peace except with Spain. 1810. Emperor marries MariaLouisa of Austria. | 1810. Holland joined to France. | ||||||||||
| 1811. Napoleon II., King of Rome, born. | A. VON HUMBOLDT (1769-1859). | ||||||||||
| 1812-1814. WAR OF 1812, between United States and Great Britain. | 1812. Battle of Salamanca. | 1812. Disastrous war against Russia. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw. | 1812. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw. | 1812. Russian campaign. Invasion of Napoleon. Moscow burned. | |||||||
| 1813. Sixth Great Coalition against France and General Insurrection of theNations of Europe Against French Dominion: England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men. | |||||||||||
| 1813. Perry’s victory on Lake Erie. | 1813. War of German independence. Battle of Leipsic. Bonaparte driven to the Rhine. | 1813. Servia invaded by Turkish army. | |||||||||
| 1814. City of Washington burned by the British. | 1814. Ferdinand VII., restored. | 1814. Allies enter Paris. House of Bourbon. | 1814. Fall of Napoleon. Kingdom ceases. | 1814. Union of Holland and Belgium. 1814. Union of Sweden and Norwayas two kingdoms under one monarch. | 1814. Malta falls to England. | ||||||
| 1815. British defeated at New Orleans. | 1815. WELLINGTON victorious at Waterloo. The Allies enter Paris, and Napoleon is banished to St. Helena. | 1815. Union of Portugal and Brazil under John VI. | 1815. Napoleon returns from Elba. Hundred Days’ war. Abdication of Napoleon. | 1815. Kingdom of Two Sicilies restored. | 1815. William I., King of Netherlands. Battle of Waterloo and defeat of Napoleon. | 1815. Congress of Vienna effects the political reconstruction of Europe. GermanicConfederation organized. | 1815. Joins the “Holy Alliance”: Russia, Prussia and Austria, later joined by France.Poland united to Russia. | ||||
| 1816. U. S. Bank incorporated. | 1816. Bombardment of Algiers. The Bey compelled to abolish slavery. | Talleyrand (1754-1838). | |||||||||
| 1817. James Monroe, President. | 1817. Slave trade abolished. | 1817. Population 28,000,000. | |||||||||
| First passage of the Atlantic by steam effected by the Savannah, of New York, to Liverpool. | 1818. France joins in Holy Alliance. | 1818. Sweden: Charles XIV. (Bernadotte). | 1818. Napoleon’s son made Duke of Reichstadt. | 1818. The Zollverein formed. | |||||||
| 1819. Florida purchase. | 1820-1830. George IV. | 1819. Ferdinand of Spain sells Florida to the United States. | Metternich (1773-1859). | 1819. Death of Marshal Blucher. | 1819. Establishment of military colonies. Liberty of the press in Poland nullified. | ||||||
| 1821-1829. | War of Grecian Independence. Greeks, aided by England, Russia, and France vs.Turks. | 1821-1829. | |||||||||
| 1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri Compromise bill passed. | 1823. The Canningministry. | 1821. Death of Napoleon at St. Helena. | 1821. Austrian invasion of Italy. | 1821. Congress of monarchs at Laybach. | 1822. Greek declaration of independence. Massacre of Scioand capture of Acropolis of Athens by patriots. | ||||||
| 1824. Visit of Lafayette. | 1824. Charles X., King. | ||||||||||
| 1825 | 1825. Erie Canal opened. Protective tariff enacted. J. Q. Adams, President. | GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848). | 1825. Death of Ferdinand after reign of sixty-six years. | 1825 | |||||||
| DANIEL WEBSTER 1782-1852. | 1827. Treaty between Russia and Turkey respectingGreece. | 1826. Nicholas I. crowned at Moscow. War against Persia. | 1826. Greece: Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken by the Turks. | ||||||||
| 1828. Wellington ministry. Irish disturbances. | 1828. Russia: War declared against Turkey. By the peace of Turkmantchai, Persian Armenia isacquired. | ||||||||||
| 1829. Andrew Jackson, President. | 1830. William IV., King. Difficulties with China. | 1830. Salic law abolished. | 1830. Algiers taken by the French. Revolution and abdication ofCharles X. Louis Philippe, King. | 1830. Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared independent bythe Great Powers. | 1829-1834. Prussia, Bavaria, and finally all Germany, save Austria, unite in a Zollverein orCustoms-Union, which gave great impetus to trade and helped towards national unity. | ||||||
| 1831. Northeastern boundary between the United States and British provinces established. | 1832. Reform Bill passed. | 1831. Abolition of hereditary peerage in France. | 1831-1833. Formation of Young Italy party by Mazzini. | 1831. Leopold I., King of the Belgians. New constitution for Denmark, Sleswick and Holstein;with representative local councils. | 1831. Austria interferes in Italian affairs. | 1832. Poland made part of Empire. | 1832. Kingdom of Greece founded. | ||||
| 1833. President Jackson re-elected. Bank deposits removed from the U. S. Bank. | 1833. Isabella II., Queen of Spain. Portugal a constitutional monarchy. | ||||||||||
| 1836. Spain: The queen regent adopts the constitution of 1812. | 1836. Insurrection attempted by Louis Napoleon at Strasburg. | 1836. Visit of the Emperor of Russia. Ferdinand I., Emperor. | |||||||||
| 1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged. Martin Van Buren, President. | 1837. VICTORIA, Queen. | 1837. The monasteries in Spain dissolved. | H. DE BALZAC (1799-1850). | 1839. Christian VIII. succeeds. | 1838. Commercial treaty with England. | 1838. Smuggling carried on extensively. | 1839-1842. China: Opium War with GreatBritain. Hong Kong ceded to latter. | ||||
| EMERSON 1803-1882. | 1840. War with China over the opium trade. War in Syria; Great Britain an ally of Austria and Turkey. | 1840. William I. abdicates as King of Holland. | RICHARD WAGNER 1813-1883. | 1840. Frederick William, King. | |||||||
| 1841. W. H. Harrison, President. Death of Harrison and succession of John Tyler. | 1841. Chinese war ended. | 1842. Insurrection in Barcelona. | Guizot (1832-1848). | ||||||||
| MORSE 1791-1872. | THOMAS CARLYLE 1795-1884. | 1843. King Otho of Greece compelled to accept a constitution. | 1843. Greece: King Otho compelled to accept constitution, Sept. 15. | ||||||||
| 1845. Texas annexed to the U. S. Treaty with China. James K. Polk,President. | 1844. Daniel O’Connell’s trial. Sentence reversed by the House of Lords. | 1844. War with Morocco. The Second Republic. | 1845. Emperor visits England. | 1844. China: Commercial treaty with United States. | |||||||
| 1846-1848. War with Mexico. The Oregon treaty with Great Britain settlingthe northwestern boundary of the United States. | 1846. Repeal of the English corn-laws. | 1846. Civil war in Portugal. | VICTOR HUGO 1802-1885. | ||||||||
| 1847. Severe famine in Ireland. | 1847. Austria takes possession of Cracow. | ||||||||||
| 1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ends Mexican War. Gold discovered in California. | 1848. Civil war in Ireland. Habeas Corpus Act suspended. | 1848. Abdication of Louis Philippe, and a republic proclaimed. Louis Napoleon, President. Bloody insurrectionin Paris. | 1848. Rising of the great Italian cities in revolution. Roman republic overthrown. | 1848. Holland receives a constitution. Denmark: Frederick VII., King; revolt of Schleswig-Holstein. | 1848. Revolution in Hungary. Francis Joseph, Emperor. Kossuth withdraws his armyfrom Vienna. | 1848. Insurrection in Berlin. | |||||
| A. D. | United States | Great Britain | Spain and Portugal | France | Italy and Church |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1787. Warren Hastings impeached. | 1788. Charles IV., King. | 1787. First assembly of Notables. Lafayette commander of the nationalguards. | |||
| 1789. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. | 1789-1799. FRENCH REVOLUTION. | ||||
| 1792. War with Germany. France declared a republic. Battle of Valmy. | |||||
| 1793. Washington re-elected. Neutrality in regard to France. | 1793. First Coalition against France: Directed by England, which formsalliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark andTurkey. | ||||
| 1793. King and Queen beheaded. Reign of Terror. | |||||
| HAMILTON 1757-1804. | |||||
| 1795. The Directorate. 1795. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE commands thearmy. | |||||
| 1797. John Adams, second president. | 1797. NELSON destroys French fleet near Alexandria. | 1796. Alliance with France; war against England. | 1796. War in Italy. 1797. Napoleon in Austria. | ||
| 1798. Second Coalition against France: Alliances of England withRussia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria—Prussia, Holland and Belgium, neutral. | |||||
| 1798. Expedition to Egypt. | 1798. Roman republic proclaimed by the French. | ||||
| 1799. Swiss campaign. | |||||
| 1800 | 1800. Union of England. | 1800. Battle of Marengo. | |||
| 1801. THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president. | SIR WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). | Madame de Staël (1766-1817). 1802-1815. NAPOLEONICWARS. | 1802. Napoleon, President of the Italian Republic. | ||
| 1803. Purchase of Louisiana. | 1803. Successful war in India. | 1803. Purchases neutrality with the French by a subsidiary treaty; declares war against England,1804. | |||
| JOHN MARSHALL 1755-1835. | 1804-1814. First French Empire. Napoleon I., Emperor of the French. BICHAT (1771-1802). 1804. Code Napoleon published. | ||||
| 1805. Third Coalition against France: formed by England; alliances withSweden, Russia and Austria—Prussia unfortunately neutral. | |||||
| 1805. Napoleon defeated at Trafalgar. | 1805. Battle of Trafalgar. | 1805. May 26, Bonaparte crowned King of Italy, at Milan. Naval defeat at Trafalgar. Austriancampaign; battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. | 1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy. | ||
| WORDSWORTH (1770-1850). | |||||
| CUVIER (1769-1832). | |||||
| 1806. Fourth Coalition against France: England, Russia,Prussia, Saxony and Sweden. | |||||
| 1806. British Orders in Council and Napoleon’s decrees seriously impair American commerce. | 1807. Bill for the abolition of the slave trade,passed. | 1807. Invasion of Portugal. | 1806. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Victories of Auerstädt and Jena overthe Prussians. Berlin decree against British commerce. | ||
| 1808. Madrid taken by the French. Joseph Bonaparte, King. | 1808. Rome annexed by Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy. | ||||
| 1809. James Madison, fourth president. | 1809. Fifth Coalition against France: England, Austria, Spain andPortugal. | 1809. Papal states annexed to France. | |||
| 1810. Continental peace except with Spain. 1810. Emperor marries MariaLouisa of Austria. | |||||
| 1811. Napoleon II., King of Rome, born. | |||||
| 1812-1814. WAR OF 1812, between United States and Great Britain. | 1812. Battle of Salamanca. | 1812. Disastrous war against Russia. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw. | |||
| 1813. Sixth Great Coalition against France and General Insurrection of theNations of Europe Against French Dominion: England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men. | |||||
| 1813. Perry’s victory on Lake Erie. | |||||
| 1814. City of Washington burned by the British. | 1814. Ferdinand VII., restored. | 1814. Allies enter Paris. House of Bourbon. | 1814. Fall of Napoleon. Kingdom ceases. | ||
| 1815. British defeated at New Orleans. | 1815. WELLINGTON victorious at Waterloo. The Allies enter Paris, and Napoleon is banished to St. Helena. | 1815. Union of Portugal and Brazil under John VI. | 1815. Napoleon returns from Elba. Hundred Days’ war. Abdication of Napoleon. | 1815. Kingdom of Two Sicilies restored. | |
| 1816. U. S. Bank incorporated. | 1816. Bombardment of Algiers. The Bey compelled to abolish slavery. | Talleyrand (1754-1838). | |||
| 1817. James Monroe, President. | 1817. Slave trade abolished. | ||||
| First passage of the Atlantic by steam effected by the Savannah, of New York, to Liverpool. | 1818. France joins in Holy Alliance. | ||||
| 1819. Florida purchase. | 1820-1830. George IV. | 1819. Ferdinand of Spain sells Florida to the United States. | |||
| 1821-1829. | War of Grecian Independence. Greeks, aided by England, Russia, andFrance vs. Turks. | 1821-1829. | |||
| 1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri Compromise bill passed. | 1823. The Canningministry. | 1821. Death of Napoleon at St. Helena. | 1821. Austrian invasion of Italy. | ||
| 1824. Visit of Lafayette. | 1824. Charles X., King. | ||||
| 1825 | 1825. Erie Canal opened. Protective tariff enacted. J. Q. Adams, President. | GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848). | 1825. Death of Ferdinand after reign of sixty-six years. | ||
| DANIEL WEBSTER 1782-1852. | 1827. Treaty between Russia and Turkey respectingGreece. | ||||
| 1828. Wellington ministry. Irish disturbances. | |||||
| 1829. Andrew Jackson, President. | 1830. William IV., King. Difficulties with China. | 1830. Salic law abolished. | 1830. Algiers taken by the French. Revolution and abdication ofCharles X. Louis Philippe, King. | ||
| 1831. Northeastern boundary between the United States and British provinces established. | 1832. Reform Bill passed. | 1831. Abolition of hereditary peerage in France. | 1831-1833. Formation of Young Italy party by Mazzini. | ||
| 1833. President Jackson re-elected. Bank deposits removed from the U. S. Bank. | 1833. Isabella II., Queen of Spain. Portugal a constitutional monarchy. | ||||
| 1836. Spain: The queen regent adopts the constitution of 1812. | 1836. Insurrection attempted by Louis Napoleon at Strasburg. | ||||
| 1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged. Martin Van Buren, President. | 1837. VICTORIA, Queen. | 1837. The monasteries in Spain dissolved. | H. DE BALZAC (1799-1850). | ||
| EMERSON 1803-1882. | 1840. War with China over the opium trade. War in Syria; Great Britain an ally of Austria and Turkey. | ||||
| 1841. W. H. Harrison, President. Death of Harrison and succession of John Tyler. | 1841. Chinese war ended. | 1842. Insurrection in Barcelona. | Guizot (1832-1848). | ||
| MORSE 1791-1872. | THOMAS CARLYLE 1795-1884. | 1843. King Otho of Greece compelled to accept a constitution. | |||
| 1845. Texas annexed to the U. S. Treaty with China. James K. Polk,President. | 1844. Daniel O’Connell’s trial. Sentence reversed by the House of Lords. | 1844. War with Morocco. The Second Republic. | |||
| 1846-1848. War with Mexico. The Oregon treaty with Great Britain settlingthe northwestern boundary of the United States. | 1846. Repeal of the English corn-laws. | 1846. Civil war in Portugal. | VICTOR HUGO 1802-1885. | ||
| 1847. Severe famine in Ireland. | |||||
| 1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ends Mexican War. Gold discovered in California. | 1848. Civil war in Ireland. Habeas Corpus Act suspended. | 1848. Abdication of Louis Philippe, and a republic proclaimed. Louis Napoleon, President. Bloody insurrectionin Paris. | 1848. Rising of the great Italian cities in revolution. Roman republic overthrown. | ||
| A. D. | Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland | Germany | Prussia and Poland | Russia | Ottomans, China, India, Japan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCHILLER (1759-1805). | 1786. Prussia: Death of Frederick the Great. Frederick William II. | 1787. War with the Turks. | 1787. Disastrous war with Austria and Russia. | ||
| 1792. Sweden: Gustavus IV. | 1792. War with France. | ||||
| 1793. First Coalition against France: Directed by England, which formsalliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark andTurkey. | |||||
| 1793. Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia. | |||||
| GOETHE (1749-1832). | 1794. Polish revolt at Cracow. Revolt under Kosciuszko. | ||||
| 1795. Holland conquered and the Batavian Republic proclaimed. | 1795. Final partition of Poland; extinction of the kingdom. | ||||
| 1796-1797. Napoleon’s Italian campaign. | 1797. Napoleon’s Austrian campaign. Peace of Campo Formio inwhich Austria cedes Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia. | 1796. Unsuccessful war with Persia. | |||
| 1798. Second Coalition against France: Alliances of England withRussia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria—Prussia, Holland and Belgium, neutral. | |||||
| 1798. Swiss revolution. Helvetian Republic declared. | 1798. Prussia: Frederick William III. | 1798. War with the French in Egypt. | |||
| 1800 | |||||
| 1801. Danish fleet at Copenhagen defeated by Nelson. | 1801. Alexander I. | ||||
| 1803. End of the Holy Roman Empire. Frances II. | 1803. Insurrection of Mamelukes at Cairo. 1803. India: GreatMahratta War. | ||||
| 1804. The Emperor of Germany assumes the title of Emperor of Austria. | 1804. War with Persia. | ||||
| Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia henceforth the center of the German federatesystem. | |||||
| HEGEL (1770-1831). | |||||
| 1805. Third Coalition against France: formed by England; alliances withSweden, Russia and Austria—Prussia unfortunately neutral. | |||||
| 1805. Battle of Austerlitz. | |||||
| Napoleon Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. | |||||
| 1806. Fourth Coalition against France: England, Russia,Prussia, Saxony and Sweden. | |||||
| 1806. Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland. | 1807. Victories of Eylau and of Friedland are followed by the peaceof Tilsit in which Prussia loses her Polish territories. | 1807. Treaty of Tilsit. | 1807. War against Russia and England. | ||
| 1808. Denmark: Frederick VI. | BEETHOVEN (1770-1827). | ||||
| 1809. Sweden: Charles XIII.; Bernadotte becomes prince royal. | 1809. Battles of Eckmühl, Aspern and Wagram. Peace of Vienna. Austria cedes territory to Russia,Bavaria and France. | ||||
| 1810. Holland joined to France. | |||||
| A. VON HUMBOLDT (1769-1859). | |||||
| 1812. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw. | 1812. Russian campaign. Invasion of Napoleon. Moscow burned. | ||||
| 1813. Sixth Great Coalition against France and General Insurrection of theNations of Europe Against French Dominion: England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men. | |||||
| 1813. War of German independence. Battle of Leipsic. Bonaparte driven to the Rhine. | 1813. Servia invaded by Turkish army. | ||||
| 1814. Union of Holland and Belgium. 1814. Union of Sweden and Norwayas two kingdoms under one monarch. | 1814. Malta falls to England. | ||||
| 1815. William I., King of Netherlands. Battle of Waterloo and defeat of Napoleon. | 1815. Congress of Vienna effects the political reconstruction of Europe. GermanicConfederation organized. | 1815. Joins the “Holy Alliance”: Russia, Prussia and Austria, later joined by France.Poland united to Russia. | |||
| 1817. Population 28,000,000. | |||||
| 1818. Sweden: Charles XIV. (Bernadotte). | 1818. Napoleon’s son made Duke of Reichstadt. | 1818. The Zollverein formed. | |||
| Metternich (1773-1859). | 1819. Death of Marshal Blucher. | 1819. Establishment of military colonies. Liberty of the press in Poland nullified. | |||
| 1821-1829. | War of Grecian Independence. Greeks, aided by England, Russia, and Francevs. Turks. | 1821-1829. | |||
| 1821. Congress of monarchs at Laybach. | 1822. Greek declaration of independence. Massacre of Scioand capture of Acropolis of Athens by patriots. | ||||
| 1825 | |||||
| 1826. Nicholas I. crowned at Moscow. War against Persia. | 1826. Greece: Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken by the Turks. | ||||
| 1828. Russia: War declared against Turkey. By the peace of Turkmantchai, Persian Armenia isacquired. | |||||
| 1830. Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared independent bythe Great Powers. | 1829-1834. Prussia, Bavaria, and finally all Germany, save Austria, unite in a Zollverein orCustoms-Union, which gave great impetus to trade and helped towards national unity. | ||||
| 1831. Leopold I., King of the Belgians. New constitution for Denmark, Sleswick and Holstein;with representative local councils. | 1831. Austria interferes in Italian affairs. | 1832. Poland made part of Empire. | 1832. Kingdom of Greece founded. | ||
| 1836. Visit of the Emperor of Russia. Ferdinand I., Emperor. | |||||
| 1839. Christian VIII. succeeds. | 1838. Commercial treaty with England. | 1838. Smuggling carried on extensively. | 1839-1842. China: Opium War with GreatBritain. Hong Kong ceded to latter. | ||
| 1840. William I. abdicates as King of Holland. | RICHARD WAGNER 1813-1883. | 1840. Frederick William, King. | |||
| 1843. Greece: King Otho compelled to accept constitution, Sept. 15. | |||||
| 1845. Emperor visits England. | 1844. China: Commercial treaty with United States. | ||||
| 1847. Austria takes possession of Cracow. | |||||
| 1848. Holland receives a constitution. Denmark: Frederick VII., King; revolt of Schleswig-Holstein. | 1848. Revolution in Hungary. Francis Joseph, Emperor. Kossuth withdraws his armyfrom Vienna. | 1848. Insurrection in Berlin. | |||