The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers - Unknown

The real history of the United States begins with this period. Within it the original Thirteen Colonies were established; New England and Virginia grew in influence and population; the Indian power in the East was subdued; the Colonies increased in strength and self-reliance, and the struggle between England and France for control of the New World was settled in favor of the English.

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES			NEW ENGLAND COLONIES				THE MIDDLE COLONIES				Progress and Population	English Rulers and Events
Virginia			Massachusetts				New York
												1603-1625. James I. 1603. Union of England andScotland.
1607. The London Company made THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA, ATJAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA (May 13). Jamestown was named after the English King, James I.			1607. The Plymouth Company established a colony on the Kennebec River, in Maine under SirFerdinando Gorges. The colony failed.				1609. Henry Hudson, employedby the Dutch East India Company, sailed up the Hudson River searching for a passage to the Indies.
							1614. The Dutch established trading stations on Manhattan Island and atFort Orange (Albany) on the Hudson. They called their possessions New Netherland.				1616. Tobacco first cultivated by the English inVirginia.
1619. Virginia settlers establish the FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY IN AMERICA, calledThe House of Burgesses. The FIRST SLAVES were sold in Virginia.			1620. The Pilgrim Fathers landed at Cape Cod November 11,and formed the FIRST SETTLEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AT PLYMOUTH (December 22), under the FIRST REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA.
1622. An Indian attack was made on Jamestown.						New Hampshire				New Jersey
1624. Virginia was made into a royalcolony.						1623. First settlement on Piscataqua River, by John Mason.	1623. The Dutch founded a settlement on Manhattan Island which they called NEW AMSTERDAM (laterNew York City).			1623. Ft. Nassau (now Gloucester, N. J.) established by the Dutch.		1625-1649. Charles I.
							1626. Peter Minuit, director-general of New Netherland, purchased Manhattan Islandfrom the Indians for $24.		Delaware
			1628. The permanent settlement of Massachusetts BayColony began by the settlement of Salem under John Endicott.						1627. Swaanendael (now Lewis, Del.) founded.			1627. War with France, over the Huguenots.
		Maryland	1629-1640. The “Great Migration” of Puritans to Massachusetts.				1629. Establishment of the patroon system to encourage settlement in NewNetherland.

			1630. BOSTON WAS FOUNDED by the English Puritans. The first general court in NewEngland met there October 19.		Connecticut
		1632. Lord Baltimore obtained a charter to Maryland.			1633. Settled at Windsor by Pilgrims. 1633-1636. Colonization of Connecticut River valley.
		1634. First permanent settlement made at St. Mary’s by Calvert.		Rhode Island

				1636. Roger Williams settles at Providence.	1637. Pequot Indian War.		1636. Wealthy colonists from Holland settle at Ft. Orange.				1636. First college in America founded by Massachusetts. Two years later it is named Harvard in honor of John Harvard.
				1638. Ann Hutchinson settled in Rhode Island.					1638. A Swedish settlement was made near Wilmington, on the Delaware.
				1639. Newport founded.							1639. First press in America set up at Cambridge. Stephen Daye was the printer, and the firstAmerican Book was The Bay Psalm Book.
						1640. Provisional government established at Dover.				1640. English settlements begun on Salem Creek.	1640. Whole number of emigrants to New England previous to this time about 21,200.	1640. Meeting of the Long Parliament.
1642-1652. William Berkeley governorof Virginia, which became a refuge for Cavaliers from England.			1641. Massachusetts Bay Colony adopted laws known as the Body of Liberties.			1640. Provisional government established at Dover.						1642. Civil war begins.
			1643. THE FIRST INTER-COLONIAL UNION IN New England. It was formed for protection.									1642. Civil war begins.
		1645. Maryland Catholics and Virginia Puritans engaged in rebellion.					1647-1664. Peter Stuyvesant governor of NewNetherland.				1645. Massachusetts established free schools supported by the State.
		1649. The Maryland Assembly passed a TOLERATION Act.										1649. Execution of Charles I. 1649-1660. The Commonwealth underCromwell.
1652. Puritan Commissioners with an army compelled Virginia to accept the rule of the PuritanCommonwealth.	Carolinas
	1653. Settlement of Albemarle, North Carolina, by Virginiapioneers.
			1658. Massachusetts made it a capitaloffense for Quakers to return to the colony after expulsion.				1657. Proclamation issued against the Quakers.		1655. The Swedish settlements on the Delaware conquered by the Dutch.
1660. The restoration of Charles II. in England brought about the return of Berkeley inVirginia. The restoration was welcomed by the Cavaliers of Virginia, but the Massachusetts Puritansdelayed a year before proclaiming Charles king. A second influx of Puritan immigrants followed therestoration.	1663. Carolina granted to a company ofproprietors.	1661. Charles Calvert appointed governor.		1663. Charter granted to RhodeIsland.	1662. Charter granted to Connecticut.						1661. Eliot’s “Indian Testament” printed atCambridge.	1660. Restoration of the Stuarts. 1660-1685. Charles II.
	1669. John Locke drafts a constitution forCarolina.								1664. Delaware passes under English rule.	1664. New Jersey granted to Berkeley and Carteret.	1664. Eliot’s “Indian Bible” printed at Cambridge.	1668. Triple alliance of England, Sweden and Hollandagainst France.
	1670. Charleston, S. C., settled and territory divided into North andSouth Carolina.						1670. Staten Island purchased from the Indians.
			1675. KING PHILIP’S WAR broke out in New England.				1670. Staten Island purchased from the Indians.
								Pennsylvania
1676. BACON’S REBELLION broke out in Virginia.			1677. Maine became part of Massachusetts bypurchase.								1676. Population of New England estimated at 60,000.
1676. BACON’S REBELLION broke out in Virginia.			1677. Maine became part of Massachusetts bypurchase.			1680. New Hampshire declared a royal province.		1681. Grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn.			1680. John Buckner brings a printing press to Virginia and prints the session laws.
			1684. Massachusetts becomes a royal colony.				1683. First Assembly in New York under English rule.	1682. Philadelphia laid out by Penn, and Quaker emigration encouraged. Penn’s treaty with the Indians.	1682. Delaware becomes part of Pennsylvania.			1685-1689. James II.
			1686-1689. Andros governor of all New England by royal appointment.				1689-1690. Leisler’s rebellion in New York.		1682. Delaware becomes part of Pennsylvania.		1689. First American newspaper published inBoston; suppressed by Massachusetts government.	1688-1689. The “GloriousRevolution.” 1689-1702. William III. and Mary.
1689-1697. KING WILLIAM’S WAR. The FIRST INTER-COLONIAL WAR. Thismarked the beginning of a contest which continued with little intermission until the downfall of French power in America.
			1691-1693. Salem witchcraft.								1692. The College of William and Mary wasestablished in Virginia.
											1700. Population of colonies about 260,000.
								1701. Penn granted a Charter of Privileges to Pennsylvania which remained in forceuntil 1776.			1701. Yale College was established in Connecticut.	1701. War of the Spanish succession.
1702-1714. QUEEN ANNE’S WAR. The SECOND INTER-COLONIAL WAR beganbetween France and England. This war was confined mainly to the east; the French attacking New England, and the New Englandersretaliating.											1701. Yale College was established in Connecticut.	1701. War of the Spanish succession.
			1702. Joseph Dudley appointed governor.						1703. Delaware is made a separate colony.	1702. New Jersey becomes a royal province under the governor of New York.	1704. Appearance of “The Boston News Letter,”the first newspaper in America.	1702-1714. Queen Anne. 1702. Queen Anne war against France andSpain.
											1710. First post office in America at New York.	1714-1727. George II.
											1719. First Spinning-wheel and cultivation of potatoesintroduced by the settlers of Londonderry, N. H.	1718. War with Spain.
	1721-1729. The Carolinas are royal colonies.										1720. Tea begins to be used in New England.	1718. War with Spain.
1728. Boundary established between Virginia and NorthCarolina.	1729. North and South Carolina permanently dividedinto two provinces.	1729. Baltimore founded.			1728-1731. Final boundaries established with New York and RhodeIsland.						1729. “Pennsylvania Gazette” started byFranklin.	1727-1760. George II.
	Georgia
	1733. Last of the thirteen original colonies settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah.			1734. Assembly meets for first time at Greenwich.			1735. Zenger’s trial and acquittalin New York, establishes freedom of the press.	1733. Treaty with the “Six Nations.”	1733. Delaware boundaries defined after twenty years’ litigation.		1736. Appearance of “The VirginiaGazette,” first newspaper in the South.
						1740. Boundaries of New Hampshiredetermined.				1738. Separate charter granted to New Jersey.	1740. University of Pennsylvania founded.	1739. War with Spain.
	1742. Spaniards attacked Georgia; defeated by Oglethorpe.		1742. Peter Faneuil builds “Faneuil Hall.”			1740. Boundaries of New Hampshiredetermined.	1743. Sir George Clinton, governor.			1738. Separate charter granted to New Jersey.	1741. Moravians first settle in United States at Bethlehem.
1744-1748. KING GEORGE’S WAR. The THIRD INTER-COLONIAL WAR brokeout between England and France. Louisburg was restored to France, much to the dissatisfaction of the New England colonists.											1741. Moravians first settle in United States at Bethlehem.
		1744. Treaty with the “Six Nations.”			1745. One thousand men sent against Louisburg.	1744. George Whitefield preaches in New Hampshire.		1746. Thomas and Richard Penn soleproprietors of Pennsylvania.			1746. New Jersey College, afterwards Princeton.	1744. War between England, France and Austria.
	1749. First English ship reaches Georgia.	1744. Treaty with the “Six Nations.”	1749. Famous Indian treaty renewed at Falmouth.							1750. Trenton public library founded.	1749. White population of the colonies 1,046,000.
1753. GEORGE WASHINGTON was sent by Governor Dinwiddie toorder the French out of the Ohio valley.	1749. First English ship reaches Georgia.	1753. The Potomac River explored to its source.	1749. Famous Indian treaty renewed at Falmouth.	1754. Providence library chartered.			1754. Convention at Albany to consider a colonialconfederacy.			1750. Trenton public library founded.	1752. English Bible first printed in America. Franklin experiments inelectricity.
1754-1763. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The FOURTH and LAST INTER-COLONIAL WAR broke out between the French and English, which was ended by THE TREATY OF PARIS in1763.											1754. King’s College (now Columbia), New York City, founded.	1756-1763. Seven Years’ war.
												1756-1763. Seven Years’ war.

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
Virginia
1607. The London Company made THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA, ATJAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA (May 13). Jamestown was named after the English King, James I.
1619. Virginia settlers establish the FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY IN AMERICA, calledThe House of Burgesses. The FIRST SLAVES were sold in Virginia.
1622. An Indian attack was made on Jamestown.
1624. Virginia was made into a royalcolony.
		Maryland
		1632. Lord Baltimore obtained a charter to Maryland.
		1634. First permanent settlement made at St. Mary’s by Calvert.
1642-1652. William Berkeley governorof Virginia, which became a refuge for Cavaliers from England.
		1645. Maryland Catholics and Virginia Puritans engaged in rebellion.
		1649. The Maryland Assembly passed a TOLERATION Act.
1652. Puritan Commissioners with an army compelled Virginia to accept the rule of the PuritanCommonwealth.	Carolinas
	1653. Settlement of Albemarle, North Carolina, by Virginiapioneers.
1660. The restoration of Charles II. in England brought about the return of Berkeley inVirginia. The restoration was welcomed by the Cavaliers of Virginia, but the Massachusetts Puritansdelayed a year before proclaiming Charles king. A second influx of Puritan immigrants followed therestoration.	1663. Carolina granted to a company ofproprietors.	1661. Charles Calvert appointed governor.
	1669. John Locke drafts a constitution forCarolina.
	1670. Charleston, S. C., settled and territory divided into North andSouth Carolina.
1676. BACON’S REBELLION broke out in Virginia.
1689-1697. KING WILLIAM’S WAR. The FIRST INTER-COLONIAL WAR. Thismarked the beginning of a contest which continued with little intermission until the downfall of French power in America.
1702-1714. QUEEN ANNE’S WAR. The SECOND INTER-COLONIAL WAR beganbetween France and England. This war was confined mainly to the east; the French attacking New England, and the New Englandersretaliating.
	1721-1729. The Carolinas are royal colonies.
1728. Boundary established between Virginia and NorthCarolina.	1729. North and South Carolina permanently dividedinto two provinces.	1729. Baltimore founded.
	Georgia
	1733. Last of the thirteen original colonies settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah.
	1742. Spaniards attacked Georgia; defeated by Oglethorpe.
1744-1748. KING GEORGE’S WAR. The THIRD INTER-COLONIAL WAR brokeout between England and France. Louisburg was restored to France, much to the dissatisfaction of the New England colonists.
		1744. Treaty with the “Six Nations.”
	1749. First English ship reaches Georgia.
1753. GEORGE WASHINGTON was sent by Governor Dinwiddie toorder the French out of the Ohio valley.		1753. The Potomac River explored to its source.
1754-1763. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The FOURTH and LAST INTER-COLONIAL WAR broke out between the French and English, which was ended by THE TREATY OF PARIS in1763.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Massachusetts
1607. The Plymouth Company established a colony on the Kennebec River, in Maine under SirFerdinando Gorges. The colony failed.
1620. The Pilgrim Fathers landed at Cape Cod November 11,and formed the FIRST SETTLEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AT PLYMOUTH (December 22), under the FIRST REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA.
			New Hampshire
			1623. First settlement on Piscataqua River, by John Mason.
1628. The permanent settlement of Massachusetts BayColony began by the settlement of Salem under John Endicott.
1629-1640. The “Great Migration” of Puritans to Massachusetts.
1630. BOSTON WAS FOUNDED by the English Puritans. The first general court in NewEngland met there October 19.		Connecticut
		1633. Settled at Windsor by Pilgrims. 1633-1636. Colonization of Connecticut River valley.
	Rhode Island
	1636. Roger Williams settles at Providence.	1637. Pequot Indian War.
	1638. Ann Hutchinson settled in Rhode Island.
	1639. Newport founded.
			1640. Provisional government established at Dover.
1641. Massachusetts Bay Colony adopted laws known as the Body of Liberties.
1643. THE FIRST INTER-COLONIAL UNION IN New England. It was formed for protection
1658. Massachusetts made it a capitaloffense for Quakers to return to the colony after expulsion.
	1663. Charter granted to RhodeIsland.	1662. Charter granted to Connecticut.
1675. KING PHILIP’S WAR broke out in New England.
1677. Maine became part of Massachusetts bypurchase.
			1680. New Hampshire declared a royal province.
1684. Massachusetts becomes a royal colony.
1686-1689. Andros governor of all New England by royal appointment.
1689-1697. KING WILLIAM’S WAR. The FIRST INTER-COLONIAL WAR. Thismarked the beginning of a contest which continued with little intermission until the downfall of French power in America.
1691-1693. Salem witchcraft.
1702-1714. QUEEN ANNE’S WAR. The SECOND INTER-COLONIAL WAR beganbetween France and England. This war was confined mainly to the east; the French attacking New England, and the New Englandersretaliating.
1702. Joseph Dudley appointed governor.
		1728-1731. Final boundaries established with New York and RhodeIsland.
	1734. Assembly meets for first time at Greenwich.
			1740. Boundaries of New Hampshiredetermined.
1742. Peter Faneuil builds “Faneuil Hall.”
1744-1748. KING GEORGE’S WAR. The THIRD INTER-COLONIAL WAR brokeout between England and France. Louisburg was restored to France, much to the dissatisfaction of the New England colonists.
		1745. One thousand men sent against Louisburg.	1744. George Whitefield preaches in New Hampshire.
1749. Famous Indian treaty renewed at Falmouth.
	1754. Providence library chartered.
1754-1763. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The FOURTH and LAST INTER-COLONIAL WAR broke out between the French and English, which was ended by THE TREATY OF PARIS in1763.

THE MIDDLE COLONIES				Progress and Population	English Rulers and Events
New York
					1603-1625. James I. 1603. Union of England andScotland.
1609. Henry Hudson, employedby the Dutch East India Company, sailed up the Hudson River searching for a passage to the Indies.
1614. The Dutch established trading stations on Manhattan Island and atFort Orange (Albany) on the Hudson. They called their possessions New Netherland.				1616. Tobacco first cultivated by the English inVirginia.
			New Jersey
1623. The Dutch founded a settlement on Manhattan Island which they called NEW AMSTERDAM (laterNew York City).			1623. Ft. Nassau (now Gloucester, N. J.) established by the Dutch.		1625-1649. Charles I.
1626. Peter Minuit, director-general of New Netherland, purchased Manhattan Islandfrom the Indians for $24.		Delaware
		1627. Swaanendael (now Lewis, Del.) founded.			1627. War with France, over the Huguenots.
1629. Establishment of the patroon system to encourage settlement in NewNetherland.
1636. Wealthy colonists from Holland settle at Ft. Orange.				1636. First college in America founded by Massachusetts. Two years later it is named Harvard in honor of John Harvard.
		1638. A Swedish settlement was made near Wilmington, on the Delaware.
				1639. First press in America set up at Cambridge. Stephen Daye was the printer, and the firstAmerican Book was The Bay Psalm Book.
			1640. English settlements begun on Salem Creek.	1640. Whole number of emigrants to New England previous to this time about 21,200.	1640. Meeting of the Long Parliament.
					1642. Civil war begins.
1647-1664. Peter Stuyvesant governor of NewNetherland.				1645. Massachusetts established free schools supported by the State.
					1649. Execution of Charles I. 1649-1660. The Commonwealth underCromwell.
1657. Proclamation issued against the Quakers.		1655. The Swedish settlements on the Delaware conquered by the Dutch.
				1661. Eliot’s “Indian Testament” printed atCambridge.	1660. Restoration of the Stuarts. 1660-1685. Charles II.
		1664. Delaware passes under English rule.	1664. New Jersey granted to Berkeley and Carteret.	1664. Eliot’s “Indian Bible” printed at Cambridge.	1668. Triple alliance of England, Sweden and Hollandagainst France.
1670. Staten Island purchased from the Indians.
	Pennsylvania
				1676. Population of New England estimated at 60,000.
	1681. Grant of Pennsylvania to William Penn.			1680. John Buckner brings a printing press to Virginia and prints the session laws.
1683. First Assembly in New York under English rule.	1682. Philadelphia laid out by Penn, and Quaker emigration encouraged. Penn’s treaty with the Indians.	1682. Delaware becomes part of Pennsylvania.			1685-1689. James II.
1689-1690. Leisler’s rebellion in New York.				1689. First American newspaper published inBoston; suppressed by Massachusetts government.	1688-1689. The “GloriousRevolution.” 1689-1702. William III. and Mary.
1689-1697. KING WILLIAM’S WAR. The FIRST INTER-COLONIAL WAR. Thismarked the beginning of a contest which continued with little intermission until the downfall of French power in America.
				1692. The College of William and Mary wasestablished in Virginia.
				1700. Population of colonies about 260,000.
	1701. Penn granted a Charter of Privileges to Pennsylvania which remained in forceuntil 1776.			1701. Yale College was established in Connecticut.	1701. War of the Spanish succession.
1702-1714. QUEEN ANNE’S WAR. The SECOND INTER-COLONIAL WAR beganbetween France and England. This war was confined mainly to the east; the French attacking New England, and the New Englandersretaliating.
		1703. Delaware is made a separate colony.	1702. New Jersey becomes a royal province under the governor of New York.	1704. Appearance of “The Boston News Letter,”the first newspaper in America.	1702-1714. Queen Anne. 1702. Queen Anne war against France andSpain.
				1710. First post office in America at New York.	1714-1727. George II.
				1719. First Spinning-wheel and cultivation of potatoesintroduced by the settlers of Londonderry, N. H.	1718. War with Spain.
				1720. Tea begins to be used in New England.
				1729. “Pennsylvania Gazette” started byFranklin.	1727-1760. George II.
1735. Zenger’s trial and acquittalin New York, establishes freedom of the press.	1733. Treaty with the “Six Nations.”	1733. Delaware boundaries defined after twenty years’ litigation.		1736. Appearance of “The VirginiaGazette,” first newspaper in the South.
			1738. Separate charter granted to New Jersey.	1740. University of Pennsylvania founded.	1739. War with Spain.
1743. Sir George Clinton, governor.				1741. Moravians first settle in United States at Bethlehem.
1744-1748. KING GEORGE’S WAR. The THIRD INTER-COLONIAL WAR brokeout between England and France. Louisburg was restored to France, much to the dissatisfaction of the New England colonists.
	1746. Thomas and Richard Penn soleproprietors of Pennsylvania.			1746. New Jersey College, afterwards Princeton.	1744. War between England, France and Austria.
			1750. Trenton public library founded.	1749. White population of the colonies 1,046,000.
1754. Convention at Albany to consider a colonialconfederacy.				1752. English Bible first printed in America. Franklin experiments inelectricity.
1754-1763. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The FOURTH and LAST INTER-COLONIAL WAR broke out between the French and English, which was ended by THE TREATY OF PARIS in1763.				1754. King’s College (now Columbia), New York City, founded.	1756-1763. Seven Years’ war.

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

When first visited by Europeans, the country now comprised within the United States was exclusively inhabited by the race commonly called American Indians.

Period of Discovery.—According to the Scandinavian sagas, Leif, a Norwegian, sailed about 1001 from Iceland for Greenland, but was driven southward by storms till he reached a country called Vinland, which is supposed to have been Rhode Island or some other part of the coast of New England.

It is possible that some vague rumors of the Norse journeys had come to Christopher Columbus when he set out on Friday, August 3, 1492, to discover the western route to India. He sighted one of the Bahama Islands on October 12, and landed the following day. After cruising about for some time, he returned to Spain. He made in all four voyages to the New World for treasure-getting and discovery. His discoveries, it should be remembered, did not extend to the territory now occupied by the United States, but were confined to certain of the West India Islands, and parts of Central, and possibly, South America. (See further, under [Outlines of American History].)