Name, Location and Date of BattleCommandersCasualties
United StatesSpanish
KilledWoundedKilledWounded
THE ARMY
Guantanamo (June 11-20, 1898)...616......
Bombardment of Santiago (June 22, 1898)...............
Las Guasimas, Cuba (June 24, 1898)Gen. Wheeler vs. Gen. Linares.165028124
El Caney, Cuba (July 1, 1898)Gen. Lawton and Gen. Chaffee vs. Gen. Vara de Rey.88356120400
San Juan, Cuba (July 1-3, 1898)...1511,0072041,340
Santiago, Cuba (July 10-12, 1898)Gen. Shafter.213......
Santiago Campaign (June 21 to July 17, 1898)Gen. Shafter vs. Gen. Toral.2601,341......
Porto Rico Campaign (July 25-28, 1898)Gen. Miles.340......
The Reduction of Manila (August 13, 1898)Gen. Merritt.17106......
THE NAVY
Manila Bay, Philippine Islands (May 1, 1898).American Commander: Geo. Dewey.
Spanish Commander:Admiral Montijo.		American Casualties:
Seven men slightlyinjured.
No damage to ships.
Spanish Casualties:
All ships destroyed.450 men killed and wounded.
American Vessels:
Olympia, Baltimore, Raleigh, Boston, Concord,Petrel.
Spanish Vessels:
Reina Cristina, Castella, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla deLuzon, Isla de Cuba, General Lezo, Marquis de Duero, Cano Velasco, Isla de Mindanao,Sandoval, José Garcia, Leyte and torpedo boat Barcelona.
Bombardment of Cienfuegos, Cuba (May 11, 1898).By torpedo boat Winslow.111......
Bombardment of San Juan (May 12, 1898)Admiral Sampson.17......
Before Santiago (July 3, 1898)American Commander: Winfield Schley.
SpanishCommander: Admiral Cervera.		American Casualties:
One man killed.
Brooklyn struck thirteen times, Texas once, but neither badly damaged.
Spanish:
Allships destroyed, more than 600 men killed and wounded, and rest surrendered.
American Vessels:
Brooklyn, Texas, Oregon, Iowa, Gloucester.
Spanish Vessels:
Almirante, Oquendo, Christobal Colon, Vizcaya,Infanta Maria Teresa, and torpedo boats Pluton and Furor.
The total number of vessels captured from Spain during the war of 1898 was 58.

On June 21, Major-General Shafter arrived off Santiago and successfully landed his troops at Baiquiri, and three days later the Spaniards were driven back from Sevilla. General Shafter then began his attack on Santiago, whither the Spaniards had retreated. Operations began on July 1. The severest fighting took place at San Juan Hill and El Caney, a garrisoned post, where a body of five hundred Spaniards offered a desperate resistance for some hours. By sundown the hills on which the enemy were posted, including San Juan, were occupied by the Americans. The attacking force consisted of regular infantry and dismounted cavalry, with an irregular corps of mounted men known as the Rough Riders. The latter, under the command of Colonels Leonard Wood and Roosevelt, took a prominent part in the fight. On July 4 the city was summoned to surrender, but without success. In the meanwhile Admiral Cervera’s squadron had been ordered to sea by the Madrid government. He accordingly left Santiago harbor the same day at nine a. m. with the object of [647] effecting its escape by keeping close to the western shore. The American fleet, temporarily under Schley’s command, at once engaged the Spaniards, and by two o’clock succeeded in burning, beaching, or capturing all the enemy’s vessels. After this Santiago surrendered, July 17, and Spain sued for peace. It was arranged that Spain should evacuate Cuba, should cede Porto Rico to the United States, as well as her islands in the Antilles, and one of the Ladrones, and should leave the United States in the possession of Manila. In 1899 a treaty was signed, and Spain evacuated Cuba, the Philippines, and other islands for an indemnity of twenty million dollars.

Insurrection in the Philippine Islands.—A day or two after the final vote on the treaty a body of Philippines under Amilio Aguinaldo, a native of great ability, attacked the American defenses at Manila. The next day the Americans returned the attack, and for nearly a year there was a resistance to the American rule on the part of the tribes which Aguinaldo represented. These tribes belonged to the Tagals, a Malay race. They are in a minority as regards the whole population, but are among the most intelligent. By the close of the year 1899 the organized resistance on the part of the Tagals appeared to be nearly ended, and the army of Aguinaldo reduced to marauders and bandits, and the insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the United States was ended in July, 1902, after the capture and surrender of the insurgent leader.

Assassination of McKinley and Succession of Roosevelt.—Shortly after his re-election to a second term, on September 6, 1901, the country was shocked by the assassination of President McKinley by an anarchist named Czolgosz. This was the third time in the history of the country that the chief executive was stricken down by the hand of an assassin. The Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt, then succeeded to the presidency and continued, in all essential details, the policy of his lamented predecessor.

Under President Roosevelt, a champion of administrative reform and the regulation of commercial trusts, the status of Cuba was settled; progress was made in the Philippines; the navy was very greatly strengthened; the Isthmian Canal question was solved in favor of the Panama route, and the Republic of Panama recognized; and the President reasserted with emphasis the Monroe Doctrine as the key to foreign policy. The Alaska boundary was fixed by a mixed commission. The United States took part with the European powers in armed intervention at Peking in 1899; and an arbitration treaty with Great Britain and other countries was arranged for.

In a second term (1905-1909) President Roosevelt maintained his popularity by the same policy. In 1906 an insurrection broke out in Cuba, and in October American troops again took possession of the island. When confidence had been restored the United States authorities withdrew.

President Taft and the Rise of the Progressives.—In 1908 the Republican, Taft, defeated Bryan, the Democratic candidate. Mr. Roosevelt had refused to be a candidate again and was instrumental in securing Mr. Taft’s nomination. President Taft was elected on a Rooseveltian programme of anti-trust legislation and promises of a reduced tariff. In 1910-1911 attempts were made at a Reciprocity of Duties Treaty with Canada, so as to establish freer trade between the two countries. The Canadian general election of 1911 gave an emphatic negative to the proposal.

During the latter part of 1912 a renewed insurrection in Mexico brought about strained diplomatic relations with that country.

In Ohio, Minnesota, and Indiana, however, Democratic governors were elected, and these results pointed to a political reaction in the West, largely owing to supposed inequities in the tariff and to the dominance of trusts.

In 1910 an “insurgent” or progressive section, to which Mr. Roosevelt adhered, formed itself within the Republican party; and the state elections in November resulted in a Democratic triumph without a parallel since that of the year 1890.