Leaders: (1) Alexander the Great, Nearchus; (2) Darius III., Memnon.
Chief Actions: (1) Granicus, Issus, Siege of Tyre, Arbela.
Results: Alexander conquers Asia from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River and from the Arabian Sea to the Jaxartes River and begins the Hellenizing of the East. Founds Alexandria in Egypt. The empire breaks up after Alexander’s death 323 B. C.
ROMAN WAR WITH TARENTUM AND EPIRUS.—282-272 B. C.
(1) Romans vs. (2) Tarentum and King Pyrrhus.
Cause: The people of Tarentum capture Roman ships and insult Roman embassy. They call in King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
Leaders: (1) Manius Curius; (2) Pyrrhus.
Chief Actions: (1) Beneventum, Tarentum; (2) Heraclea, Asculum.
Results: Pyrrhus returns to Epirus and his allies one by one submit to Rome, which is left supreme from Straits of Messina to the River Arno and the headland of Ancona.
FIRST PUNIC WAR.—264-241 B. C.