Leaders: (1) Turenne, Conde, Luxembourg; (2) William III., De Ruyter.
Chief Actions: (1) Ravaging of Palatinate, Steenkirke, Neerwinden; (2) Sasbach, La Hogue, Namur.
Result: Extension of boundaries of France to the northeast.
SPANISH SUCCESSION (in America), QUEEN ANNE’S WAR—1701-1714.
(1) France, Spain and Bavaria vs. (2) Austria, England, Holland, Portugal, Savoy.
Causes: Acceptance by Louis XIV. of the bequest of the Spanish dominion to his grandson, Philip of Anjou, in violation of the partition treaty to which he had consented.
Leaders: (1) Vendome Villars, Leopold of Dessau; (2) Duke of Marlborough, Eugene of Savoy, Heinsius.
Chief Actions: (2) Gibraltar, Blenheim, Ramillies, Turin, Oudenarde, Malplaquet.
Results: By the peace of Utrecht in 1713 and that of Rastadt in 1714 Spain and the Indies go to Philip of Anjou; Naples, Milan, Sardinia and former Spanish Netherlands to the Austrians. England receives Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson Bay Territory from France and Gibraltar from Spain.
NORTHERN WAR—1700-1721.