Leaders: (1) Soult, Massena; (2) Duke of Wellington.
Chief Actions: (1) Corunna; (2) Talavera, Lines of Torres Vedras, Albuera, Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse.
Results: French expelled from the peninsula.
d. Fifth War with Austria—1809.
Leaders: (1) Napoleon; (2) Archduke Charles.
Chief Actions: (1) Aspern,, Wagram.
Results: Austria cedes thirty-two thousand square miles of territory, containing three and one-half million inhabitants.
e. Invasion of Russia—1812.
Cause: Alexander’s refusal to enforce Napoleon’s continental system, and other causes of dispute.
Leaders: (1) Napoleon, Marshal Ney; (2) Kutusoff, Barclay de Tolly.