Chief Actions: Napoleon lands at Cannes (March 1); enters Paris March 20.
(1) Ligny; (2) Quatre Bras, Waterloo (June 18).
Results: Waterloo marks the final downfall of Napoleon. He is transported to the island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821. In the Congress of Vienna the allies reconstructed Europe, restoring in general the legitimate rulers and erecting barriers against democratic movements and liberal ideas.
WAR OF GRECIAN INDEPENDENCE—1821-1829.
(1) Greeks, aided by England, Russia and France vs. (2) Turks.
Causes: Revived feeling of Greek nationality, stimulated by a widespread secret society working for a restoration of a Greek empire at Constantinople.
Leaders: (1) Ypsilanti, Diebitsch (Russia), Codrington (England), Byron (England); (2) Ibrahim, Pasha.
Chief Actions: Massacre of Greeks at Chios.
(1) Navarino, Adrianople; (2) Missolonghi.
Results: The treaty of Adrianople, 1829, compelled Turkey to acknowledge the independence of Greece, which chose as king the Bavarian prince Otto I.