CURRENCY REGULATIONS
Reinforced by the necessary and proper clause, the powers "'to lay and collect taxes, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States,' and 'to borrow money on the credit of the United States and to coin money and regulate the value thereof * * *'";[1412] have been held to give Congress virtually complete control over money and currency. A prohibitive tax on the notes of State banks;[1413] the issuance of treasury notes impressed with the quality of legal tender in payment of private debts[1414] and the abrogation of clauses in private contracts which called for payment in gold coin,[1415] were sustained as appropriate measures for carrying into effect some or all of the foregoing powers.
POWER TO CHARTER CORPORATIONS
In addition to the creation of banks, Congress has been held to have authority to charter a railroad corporation,[1416] or a corporation to construct an interstate bridge,[1417] as instrumentalities for promoting commerce among the States, and to create corporations to manufacture aircraft[1418] or merchant vessels[1419] as incidental to the war power.
COURTS AND JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
Inasmuch as the Constitution "delineated only the great outlines of the judicial power * * *, leaving the details to Congress, * * * The distribution and appropriate exercise of the judicial power must * * * be made by laws passed by Congress, * * *"[1420] As a necessary and proper provision for the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred by article III, section 2 Congress may direct the removal from a State to a federal court of a criminal prosecution against a federal officer for acts done under color of federal law,[1421] and may authorize the removal before trial of civil cases arising under the laws of the United States.[1422] It may prescribe the effect to be given to judicial proceedings of the federal courts,[1423] and may make all laws necessary for carrying into execution the judgments of federal courts.[1424] When a territory is admitted as a State, Congress may designate the Court to which the records of the territorial courts shall be transferred, and may prescribe the mode for enforcement and review of judgments rendered by those courts.[1425] In the exercise of other powers conferred by the Constitution, apart from article III, Congress may create legislative courts and "clothe them with functions deemed essential or helpful in carrying those powers into execution."[1426]
SPECIAL ACTS CONCERNING CLAIMS
This clause enables Congress to pass special laws to require other departments of the Government to prosecute or adjudicate particular claims, whether asserted by the Government itself or by private persons. In 1924,[1427] Congress adopted a Joint Resolution directing the President to cause suit to be instituted for the cancellation of certain oil leases alleged to have been obtained from the Government by fraud, and to prosecute such other actions and proceedings, civil and criminal, as were warranted by the facts. This resolution also authorized the appointment of special counsel to have charge of such litigation. Private acts providing for a review of an order for compensation under the Longshoreman's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act,[1428] or conferring jurisdiction upon the Court of Claims to hear and determine certain claims of a contractor against the Government, in conformity with directions given by Congress, after that court had denied recovery on such claims, have been held constitutional.[1429]
MARITIME LAW
Congress may implement the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction conferred upon the federal courts by revising and amending the maritime law which existed at the time the Constitution was adopted, but in so doing, it cannot go beyond the reach of that jurisdiction.[1430] This power cannot be delegated to the States; hence acts of Congress which purported to make State Workmen's Compensation laws applicable to maritime cases were held unconstitutional.[1431]