[12] Ibid. 315-316, 318. See also Ibid. 319 citing U.S. Senate Reports, Committee on Foreign Relations, vol. 8, p. 24 (February 15, 1816).
[13] Ibid. 327, citing Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388, 421-422 (1935).
[14] In Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) the doctrine is advanced that the President has no power in the field of Congress' legislative powers except such as are delegated him by Congress. This doctrine is considered below in the light of previous practice and adjudication. See pp. [489-499].
[15] See e.g., Abel Upshur, A Brief Inquiry Into the True Nature and Character of Our Federal Government (1840), 116-117.
[16] The Federalist No. 67, 503.
[17] James Hart, The American Presidency in Action (New York, 1918), 28-43.
[18] 2 Dall. 400 (1790).
[19] Messages and Papers of the Presidents, I, 56.
[20] Corwin, The President, Office and Powers (3d ed.), 377-378, 434-435, 446, 465, 484. "The executive [branch of the government], possessing the rights of self-government from nature, cannot be controlled in the exercise of them but by a law, passed in the forms of the Constitution." Thomas Jefferson, Official Opinion (1790) 5 Ford, ed. 209 (New York, 1892-1899). "In times of peace the people look most to their representatives; but in war, to the Executive solely." Letter to Caesar A. Rodney, (1810) Monticello, 9 Ford, ed. 272.
[21] Corwin 20-21, and citations.