[415] Durand v. Hollins, 4 Blatch. 451, 454 (1860).
[416] Published by World Peace Foundation (Boston, 1945) See also, for the period 1811 to 1934, J. Reuben Clark's Memorandum as Solicitor of the Department of State entitled Right to Protect Citizens in Foreign Countries by Landing Forces (Government Printing Office, 1912, 1934). The great majority of the landings were for "the simple protection of American citizens in disturbed areas," and only about a third involved belligerent action.
[417] 5 Moore, International Law Digest, 478-510, passim.
[418] A Decade of American Foreign Policy, S. Doc. 123, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., p. 1347.
[419] See Max Farrand, Records, II, 318-319.
[420] Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
[421] 17 Fed. Reg. 3139-3143.
"Whereas on December 16, 1950, I proclaimed the existence of a national emergency which requires that the military, naval, air, and civilian defenses of this country be strengthened as speedily as possible to the end that we may be able to repel any and all threats against our national security and to fulfill our responsibilities in the efforts being made throughout the United Nations and otherwise to bring about a lasting peace; and
"Whereas American fighting men and fighting men of other nations of the United Nations are now engaged in deadly combat with the forces of aggression in Korea, and forces of the United States are stationed elsewhere overseas for the purpose of participating in the defense of the Atlantic Community against aggression; and
"Whereas the weapons and other materials needed by our armed forces and by those joined with us in the defense of the free world are produced to a great extent in this country, and steel is an indispensable component of substantially all of such weapons and materials; and