The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation / Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 30, 1952

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[285] Pollock v. Farmers' L. & T. Co., 158 U.S. 429, 601, 635 (1895).

[286] In the first Guffey-Snyder (Bituminous Coal) Act of 1935 (49 Stat. 991), there was a section providing for separability of provisions, but the Court none the less held the price-fixing provisions inseparable from the labor provisions which it found void and thereby invalidated the whole statute. Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 312-316 (1936). On this point see also the dissent of Chief Justice Hughes. Ibid. 321-324.

[287] 157 U.S. 429, 574-579 (1895).

[288] Justice Brandeis dissenting in Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 405-411 (1932) states the rules governing the binding force of precedents and collects the decisions overruling earlier decisions to 1932. In Helvering v. Griffiths, 318 U.S. 371, 401 (1948), Justice Jackson lists other cases overruled between 1932 and 1943. Cf. Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944) for similar list.

[289] 321 U.S. 649, 665 (1944).

[290] 295 U.S. 45 (1935).

[291] 321 U.S. 649, 669. Justice Roberts in a dissent, in which Justice Frankfurter joined, also protested against overruling "earlier considered opinions" in Mahnich v. Southern S.S. Co., 321 U.S. 96, 112-113 (1944). More recently in United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56 (1950), Justice Frankfurter has protested in a dissent against reversals of earlier decisions immediately following changes of the court's membership. "Especially ought the Court not reenforce needlessly the instabilities of our day by giving fair ground for the belief that Law is the expression of chance—for instance, of unexpected changes in the Court's composition and the contingencies in the choice of successors." Ibid. 80.

[292] See Corwin, Judicial Review in Action, 74 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 639 (1926).

[293] Levering & Garrigues Co. v. Morrin, 289 U.S. 103, 105 (1933), citing Mosher v. Phoenix, 287 U.S. 29, 30 (1932).

[294] Levering & Garrigues Co. v. Morrin, 289 U.S. 103, 105 (1933). See also Binderup v. Pathe Exchange, 263 U.S. 291, 305-308 (1923); South Covington & C. St. Ry. Co. v. Newport, 259 U.S. 97, 99 (1922); Hull v. Burr, 234 U.S. 712, 720 (1914); The Fair v. Kohler Die Co., 228 U.S. 22, 25 (1913); Montana Catholic Missions v. Missoula County, 200 U.S. 118, 130 (1906); Western Union Tel. Co. v. Ann Arbor R. Co., 178 U.S. 239 (1900).