[178] Ibid. 563.

[179] Chemung Canal Bank v. Lowery, 93 U.S. 72, 76 (1876).

[180] Douglas v. New York, N.H. & H.R. Co., 279 U.S. 377 (1929).

[181] Chambers v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 207 U.S. 142 (1907).

[182] 12 Wall. 418, 424 (1871). See also Downham v. Alexandria, 10 Wall. 173, 175 (1870).

[183] Chalker v. Birmingham & M.W.R. Co., 249 U.S. 522 (1919).

[184] 252 U.S. 60 (1920).

[185] Ibid. 62-64. See also Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U.S. 37 (1920).

[186] 252 U.S. 60, 79-80 (1920).

[187] Williams v. Fears, 179 U.S. 270, 274 (1900).