[218] Jones v. Van Zandt, 5 How. 215, 229 (1847); Ableman v. Booth, 21 How. 506 (1859).

[219] Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 539, 625 (1842).

[220] Moore v. Illinois, 14 How. 13, 17 (1853).

[221] Escanaba & L.M. Transp. Co. v. Chicago, 107 U.S. 678, 689 (1883).

[222] Madison, Journal of the Debates in the Convention which Framed the Constitution, 89 (Hunt's ed., 1908).

[223] Ibid. 274.

[224] Ibid. 275.

[225] Pollard v. Hagan, 3 How. 212, 221 (1845).

[226] 2 Stat. 701, 703 (1812).

[227] Justice Harlan, speaking for the Court in United States v. Texas, 143 U.S. 621, 634 (1892); 9 Stat. 108.