Definition of Multiplication. Multiplicacioun of nombre by hym-self other by a-nother, with proposide .2. nombres, [is] the fyndyng of the thirde, That so oft conteynethe that other, as ther ben vnytes in the oþer. In multiplicacioun .2. nombres pryncipally ben necessary, that is to sey, the nombre multiplying and the nombre to be multipliede, as here;—twies fyve. Multiplier. [The number multiplying] is designede aduerbially. Multiplicand. The nombre to be multipliede resceyvethe a nominalle appellacioun, as twies .5. 5. is the nombre multipliede, and twies is the nombre to be [multipliede].
| Resultans | [9] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Multiplicandus | . | . | 5 | . | . | 4 | . | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Multiplicans | . | 2 | 2 | . | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | . | . | . |
Product. Also me may thervpone to assigne the. 3. nombre, the whiche is Fol. 51 b. *clepede product or provenient, of takyng out of one fro another: as twyes .5 is .10., 5. the nombre to be multipliede, and .2. the multipliant, and. 10. as before is come therof. And vnderstonde wele, that of the multipliant may be made the nombre to be multipliede, and of the contrarie, remaynyng euer the same [some], and herofe comethe the comen speche, that seithe all nombre is convertede by Multiplying in hym-selfe. The Cases of Multiplication.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10[10] | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 |
| 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 30 |
| 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 40 |
| 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 |
| 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 36 | 42 | 48 | 56 | 60 |
| 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 35 | 42 | 49 | 56 | 63 | 70 |
| 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 40 | 48 | 56 | 64 | 72 | 80 |
| 9 | 18 | 27 | 36 | 45 | 54 | 63 | 72 | 81 | 90 |
| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
And ther ben .6 rules of Multiplicacioun; (1) Digit by digit. ffirst, yf a digit multiplie a digit, considre how many of vnytees ben betwix the digit by multiplying and his .10. bethe to-gedre accomptede, and so oft with-draw the digit multiplying, vnder the article of his denominacioun. Example of grace. If thow wolt wete how moche is .4. tymes .8., [11]se how many vnytees ben betwix .8.[12] and .10. to-geder rekenede, and it shewith that .2.: withdraw ther-for the quaternary, of the article of his denominacion twies, of .40., And ther remaynethe .32., that is, to [some] of alle the multiplicacioun. See the table above. Wher-vpon for more evidence and declaracion the seide table is made. (2) Digit by article. Whan a digit multipliethe an article, thow most bryng the digit into þe digit, of þe whiche the article [has][13] his name, and euery vnyte shalle stonde for .10., and euery article an .100. (3) Composite by digit. Whan the digit multipliethe a nombre componede, þou most bryng the digit into aiþer part of the nombre componede, so þat digit be had into digit by the first rule, into an article by þe seconde rule; and afterwarde Ioyne the produccioun, and þere wol be the some totalle.
| Resultans | 1 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
| Multiplicandus | 2 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 4 | ||||||||
| Multiplicans | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
(4) Article by article. Whan an article multipliethe an article, the digit wherof he is namede is to be brought Into the digit wherof the oþer is namede, and euery vnyte wol be worthe Fol. 52. *an .100., and euery article. a .1000. (5) Composite by article. Whan an article multipliethe a nombre componede, thow most bryng the digit of the article into aither part of the nombre componede; and Ioyne the produccioun, and euery article wol be worthe .100., and euery vnyte .10., and so wolle the some be opene. (6) Composite by composite. Whan a nombre componede multipliethe a nombre componede, euery part of the nombre multiplying is to be hade into euery part of the nombre to be multipliede, and so shalle the digit be hade twies, onys in the digit, that other in the article. The article also twies, ones in the digit, that other in the article. Therfor yf thow wilt any nombre by hym-self other by any other multiplie, write the nombre to be multipliede in the ouer ordre by his differences, How to set down your numbers. The nombre multiplying in the lower ordre by his differences, so that the first of the lower ordre be vnder the last of the ouer ordre. This done, of the multiplying, the last is to be hade into the last of the nombre to be multipliede. Wherof than wolle grow a digit, an article, other a nombre componede. If the result is a digit,
| The resultant | 6 |
| To be multipliede | 3 |
| Þe nombre multipliyng | 2 |
If it be a digit, even above the figure multiplying is hede write his digit that come of, as it apperethe here:—
an article, And yf an article had be writ ouer the figure multiplying his hede, put a cifre þer and transferre the article towarde the lift hande, as thus:—