54. First campaign of Crassus; he plunders the Temple of Jerusalem and proceeds against the Parthians.
Mithridates of Parthia is murdered by his brother Orodes.
Cæsar's second invasion of Britain. See ["ROMAN INVASION AND CONQUEST OF BRITAIN," ii, 285].
53. Crassus defeated and slain in the war against the Parthians at Carrhae.
52. Vercingetorix, at the head of various Gallic tribes, makes a formidable effort to drive Cæsar out of Gaul; he is unsuccessful, and Cæsar, besieging him in his stronghold Alesia, forces him to surrender.
51. Peace between Rome and Parthia. Cæsar completes his conquest of Gaul.
Cleopatra, on the death of her father, Ptolemy Auletes, becomes queen of Egypt. See ["CLEOPATRA'S CONQUEST OF CÆSAR AND ANTONY," ii, 295].
50. Cæsar returns to Italy; jealousy between him and Pompey arouses the people of Rome.
49. War breaks out between Cæsar and Pompey; the second civil war in Rome.
48. Pompey is defeated by Cæsar at Pharsalia; Pompey flees to Egypt, where he is assassinated.