1293. Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward I to appear in London.
1294. Under Nicolo Spinola the Genoese capture a Venetian fleet and take Canea, in the isle of Candia.
1295. Philip the Fair of France, and John Balliol, King of Scotland, make war on England.
1296. Balliol is dethroned by Edward I, who invades and conquers Scotland.
Pope Boniface VIII issues his bull (Clericus laicos) against the taxation of the property of the Church without the consent of the holy see. Philip the Fair of France refuses to comply with it.
1297. Great victory of the Scots, under William Wallace, at Stirling. See "EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF WILLIAM WALLACE," vi, 369.
Count Guy Flanders is defeated by the French.
Philip the Fair is excommunicated because his law against the export of coin stops the papal revenues derived from France.
Pope Boniface VIII prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at Bologna.
1298. Adolphus of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolph's son, Albert, who is elected king by the German electors.