1531. Breach between Henry VIII and Pope Clement VII.
Battle of Kappel; defeat of the army of Zurich by Swiss Catholics; fall of Zwingli.
Henry VIII of England first addressed as "supreme head of the Church."
Publication of Michel Servetus' treatise on the Errors of the Trinity.
1532. Restoration of religious peace, with freedom of worship, in Germany, secured by the Pacification of Nuremberg.
Conquest of Peru. See "Pizarro Conquers Peru," ix, 156.
1533. Cranmer annuls the marriage of Henry VIII with Catherine of Aragon; he marries Anne Boleyn; her coronation.
Marriage of the Dauphin Henry with Catherine de' Medici.
Enforced flight of Calvin from Paris. See "Calvin is Driven from Paris," ix, 176.
Queen Margaret of Navarre, sister of Francis I, avows heretical opinions; her mysteries, farces, and novels give a great impulse to literature in France.