The island of Jamaica captured from the Spaniards by the English.
1656. First persecution of Quakers in Massachusetts.
Charles X is joined by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, against the Poles; the Cossacks resume their allegiance to Poland. Battle of Warsaw, overthrow of the Poles.
An end put to the Portuguese power in Ceylon by the Dutch.
1657. Declination of the English crown by Oliver Cromwell.
Alliance between Austria and Poland against Sweden.
Death of Emperor Ferdinand III; his son, Leopold, inherits Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary.
1658. Battle of the Dunes; defeat of the Spaniards by the English and French; Dunkirk, captured from the Spaniards by the French, is secured to England.
Aurungzebe the Great seizes the Mogul throne in India.
Death of Cromwell; his son Richard becomes Protector.