Babelon, E., Manuel d’archéol. orientale. Paris, 1888.—Bertin, G., Babylonian Chronology and History. London, 1892; The Pre-Akkadian Semites. London, 1886.—Bewsher, Lieut., Mesopotamia: Sheriat-el-Beyta to Tell Ibrahim.—Bezold, C., The Tell-el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum. London, 1892; Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kuyunjik collection in the British Museum. London, 1889; Überblick über die babylonisch-assyrische Literatur. Leipsic, 1886.—Billerbeck, A., Susa. Leipsic, 1893.—Birch, S., Records of the Past. London, 1873, 12 vols.—Bonavia, E., Flora of the Assyrian Monuments. London, 1894.—Boscawen, W. St. C., Lectures on the History of Assyria. London, 1886; Assyria and Babylonia. London, 1836.—Botta, P. E., and Flandrin, E., Monuments de Ninive. Paris, 1849-1850, 5 vols.
Paul Émil Botta was born at Turin December 6, 1802, and died at Achères, near Poissy, France, March 29th, 1870. He was French consul at Alexandria, and in 1842 was transferred to the office of vice-consul at Mosul, of which he was the first titulary consul. In December, 1842, he studied the tumulus which covered the right bank of the Tigris opposite Mosul; superficially explored Kuyunjik; and then at Khorsabad discovered (from March to October, 1843) the remains of the town and palace of Doursaryonkin, founded by Sargon II, king of Assyria. The objects found during these discoveries were transported to France in 1846, and form the main contents of the Musée Assyrien of the Louvre.
Brandis, J., Über den historischen Gewinn aus der Entzifferung der Assyr. Inschriften. Berlin, 1856.—Brown, F. T., Assyriology. New York, 1885.—Bruce, P., Three Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, King of Babylonia, B.C. 625-604; In Amer. Jour. of Sem. Lang., vol. 16, p. 178. Chicago, 1900.—Brünnow, R. E., Classified List of All Simple and Compound Cuneiform Ideographs. Leyden, 1887-1889.—Bruston, C. A., Les inscriptions assyriennes et l’Ancien Testament. Paris, 1875.—Budge, E. A. W., Babylonian Life and History. London, 1884; The History of Esar-Haddon. London, 1880; Annals of Shalmanasser II, Sennacherib and Assurbani-Pal. London, 1880; A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiq. of the British Museum. London, 1900.
Cara, P. C. de, Gli Hethei-Pelasgi. Rome, 1895.—Cartwright, J., Travels through Syria, Mesopotamia, etc. London, 1911.—Cassas, L. F., Voyage Pittoresque en Syrie. Paris, 1799.—Cavaniol, H., Les monuments en Chaldée, en Assyrie et à Babylone. Paris, 1870.—Clercq, L. de, Antiquités assyriennes. Paris, 1888.—Cloquet, L., L’art monumental des égyptiens et des assyriens. Paris, 1896.
Delattre, A. J., Esquisse de géographie assyrienne. Paris, 1883; Les inscriptions historiques de Ninive, etc. Paris, 1879; L’Asie occid. dans les inscriptions assyriennes. Brussels, 1885; L’assyriologie depuis onze ans. Paris, 1891; L’exactitude en histoire d’après un Assyriologiste. Louvain, 1888.—Delitzsch, Friedrich, Die Entstehung des ältestens Schriftsystems. Leipsic, 1897; Handel, Recht und Sitte im alten Babylonien (in Velhagen and Klasing’s Monatshefte, Jahr. 13, Vol. II, p. 47. Berlin, 1899); Assyrische Studien. Leipsic, 1874.
Friedrich Delitzsch, the son of Franz Delitzsch, was born at Erlangen, September 3, 1850. Professor of Assyriology in the University of Berlin, he devoted himself to the study of Assyriology, and attained a wide reputation as an Assyriologist. He was appointed Professor of Assyriology at the University of Leipsic. His writings have been mostly upon the subject of Assyria and ancient Assyrian life, and he has made some translations from the works of other historians, notably George Smith’s Chaldean Account of Genesis. He made a deep sensation in Germany in 1902 by his lecture on “Babel and the Bible,” in which he pointed out the similarity of the story of Moses in the bulrushes to the ancient legend of the birth of Sargon I, king of Babylon; noted the Babylonian custom of resting every seventh day, the word being shabattu (whence Sabbath), and many other points in which the Babylonian influence is shown in the Bible.
Dieulafoy, J., La Perse et la Chaldée. Paris, 1887.—Diodorus, S., The Historical Library, London, 1700.—Duncker, M., Geschichte des Alterthums. Leipsic, 1878, 6 vols. English translation: The History of Antiquity. London, 1880, 6 vols.
Edwards, C., The Witness of Assyria. London, 1893.—Epping, C., Astronomisches aus Babylon. Freiburg, 1889.—Evans, G., An Essay on Assyriology. London, 1883.—Evetts, B. T. A., Cylinders of Sennacherib. London, 1889; Inscription of the Reign of Evil-Merodach, Neriglissar and Laborosoarchod. Leipsic, 1892.
Feer, H. L., Les Ruines de Ninive. Paris, 1864.—Ferguson, J., The Palaces of Niniveh and Persepolis Restored. London, 1857.—Fontane, M., Histoire Universelle. Paris, 1881-1889, 6 vols.
Marius Fontane was born at Marseilles, September 4, 1838. He was destined to follow a commercial career, and was sent by a French house in Marseilles to represent it in the Orient. While there he was brought into relations with M. Ferdinand de Lesseps, and became his private secretary. Through the efforts of M. de Lesseps, Fontane was successively associated as secretary-general to the Suez and Panama Canal Companies. M. Fontane was early drawn into literary work, and in spite of his official duties found time to devote much attention to political economy, religion, learning, and history in all its branches. In his Universal History he devotes much space to questions of race and primitive religions in the historical evolution of humanity. Marius Fontane has come into prominence largely through his writings on the subject of history, but also through his explorations in the countries lying about the Isthmus of Suez.