491 Persian forces concentrated in Cilicia for the second attack on Greece.
490 Invasion of Greece under Datis and Artaphernes. Naxos and Eretria taken. Defeat at Marathon. Darius begins collection of another army, but his plans are suddenly 486 stopped for Egypt revolts, the Persians are expelled, and Khabbash placed on the throne.
485 Death of Darius and is succeeded by his son Xerxes I.
484 Defeat of Khabbash in a naval battle. Achæmenes, brother of Xerxes, made satrap of Egypt.
481 Revolt in Babylon crushed; her temples pillaged.
480 Invasion of Greece. The Persians victorious at Thermopylæ and Artemisia.
Athens occupied. Battle of Salamis. Defeat of Persians. Athens evacuated.
479 Invasion of Attica under Mardonius. Defeat of Platæa. Persian fleet also defeated at Mycale.
479-478 Ionia and the islands lost to Persia.
476 Persians expelled from Thrace.