| VOLUME VI |
| THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE |
| PAGE |
| [The Early Roman Empire: A Sketch], by Dr. Otto Hirschfeld | [1] |
| INTRODUCTION |
| [The Scope, the Sources and the Chronology of the History of Imperial Rome] | [15] |
| CHAPTER XXIX |
| [The Empire and the Provinces (15 B.C.-14 A.D.)] | [25] |
| Augustus makes Egypt his private province, [43]. Administration of the provinces, [47]. Army and navy under Augustus, [49]. |
| CHAPTER XXX |
| [The German People and the Empire (16 B.C.-19 A.D.)] | [56] |
| The German War of Independence against Rome, [59]. The battle of Teutoburg Forest, [64]. The campaigns of Germanicus, [69]. Victories of Germanicus, [71]. Gruesome relics in Teutoburg Forest, [72]. The return march, [72]. Battling with Arminius, [74]. Germanicus recalled to Rome, [76]. End of Marboduus and Arminius, [76]. |
| CHAPTER XXXI |
| [The Age of Augustus: Aspects of its Civilisation (30 B.C.-14 A.D.)] | [78] |
| Empire is peace, [78]. Comparison between Augustus and Napoleon III, [80]. The Roman Empire compared with modern England, [84]. The Roman constitution, [86]. Augustus named imperator for life, [87]. The imperator named Princeps Senatus and Pontifex Maximus, [88]. Tightening the reins of power, [90]. Panem et Circenses: Food and games, [91]. Pauperising the masses, [92]. Games: Gladiatorial contests, [94]. Races and theatricals, [96]. Novum seculum: The new birth for Rome, [97]. Literature of the Golden Age, [101]. Merivale’s estimate of Livy, [107]. Livy as the artistic limner of the Roman people, [109]. The spirit of the times, [112]. |
| CHAPTER XXXII |
| [The Last Years of Augustus (21 B.C.-14 A.D.)] | [116] |
| The personal characteristics of Augustus, [120]. A brief résumé of the character and influence of Augustus, [129]. |
| CHAPTER XXXIII |
| [The Immediate Successors of Augustus: Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius (14-54 A.D.)] | [133] |
| Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Cæsar), [133]. Expeditions of Germanicus; victory of Idistavisus, [134]. Early years of successful government by Tiberius, [134]. Death of Germanicus; external affairs, [136]. Internal government, [142]. Velleius Paterculus eulogises Tiberius, [148]. The fall of Sejanus, [151]. Tacitus describes the last days of Tiberius, [154]. Suetonius characterises Tiberius, [156]. Merivale’s estimate of Tiberius, [157]. The character of the times, [159]. Caligula (Caius Julius Cæsar Caligula), [160]. Suetonius describes Caligula, [163]. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Cæsar), [168]. The misdeeds of Messallina described by Tacitus, [171]. The intrigues of Agrippina, [176]. Tacitus describes the murder of Claudius, [178]. The character of Claudius, [179]. The living Claudius eulogised by Seneca, [180]. The dead Claudius satirised by Seneca, [181]. |
| CHAPTER XXXIV |
| [Nero: Last Emperor of the House of Cæsar (54-68 A.D.)] | [184] |
| Nero (Claudius Cæsar Drusus Germanicus), [184]. Corbulo and the East, [186]. The Roman province of Britain, [188]. The war with Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, [190]. Britain again a peaceful province, [193]. Burrus and Seneca, [194]. Octavia put to death, [196]. The great fire at Rome; persecution of the Christians, [199]. Conspiracy met by cruelty and persecution, [202]. Personal characteristics of Nero, according to Suetonius, [206]. Merivale’s estimate of Nero and his times, [208]. Nero in Greece, [215]. Nero’s return to Italy and triumphant entry into Rome, [218]. Discontent in the provinces, [219]. Galba is saluted imperator by his soldiers, [220]. The death of Nero, [223]. |
| CHAPTER XXXV |
| [Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and the Three Flavians (68-96 A.D.)] | [225] |
| Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), [225]. Otho (M. Salvius Otho), [226]. Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius), [228]. Vespasian (T. Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), [231]. Vespasian performs miracles and sees a vision, according to Tacitus, [232]. Vespasian returns to Rome, [233]. Titus continues the Jewish war, [234]. Josephus describes the return of Titus and the triumph, [236]. The empire in peace, [240]. Banishment and death of Helvidius, [241]. Sabinus and Epponina, [242]. The character and end of Vespasian, [243]. A classical estimate of Vespasian, [244]. Personality of Vespasian, [246]. Titus (T. Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus II), [247]. The destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum, [250]. Pliny’s account of the eruption, [253]. Agricola in Britain, [255]. The death of Titus, [255]. Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), [257]. Suetonius on the death and character of Domitian, [261]. A retrospective glance over the government of the first century of Empire, [262]. |
| CHAPTER XXXVI |
| [The Five Good Emperors: Nerva to Marcus Aurelius (96-180 A.D.)] | [267] |
| Nerva (M. Cocceius Nerva), [267]. Trajan (M. Ulpius Trajanus Crinitus), [268]. The first Dacian war, [269]. Trajan dictates terms to Decebalus, [271]. The second Dacian war, [273]. Oriental campaigns and death of Trajan, [274]. The correspondence of Pliny and Trajan, [276]. Trajan’s column, [277]. Hadrian (P. Ælius Hadrianus), [280]. The varied endowments of Hadrian, [281]. Hadrian’s tours, [282]. Hadrian as builder and administrative reformer, [284]. Personal traits and last days of Hadrian, [286]. Renan’s estimate of Hadrian, [288]. Hadrian as patron of the arts, [289]. Antoninus (Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius), [290]. Renan’s characterisation of Antoninus, [292]. Marcus Aurelius (M. Ælius Aurelius Antoninus), [294]. The plague and the death of Verus, [296]. Border wars, [296]. The revolt of Avidius, [299]. An imperial tour and a triumph, [300]. Last campaigns and death of Aurelius, [303]. Merivale compares Aurelius and Alfred the Great, [305]. Gibbon’s estimate of Marcus Aurelius and of the age of the Antonines, [305]. |
| CHAPTER XXXVII |
| [The Pagan Creeds and the Rise of Christianity] | [307] |
| Stoicism and the Empire, [308]. Christians and the Empire, [313]. The Christian and the Jew, [315]. Religious assemblies of the Christians, [317]. Christianity and the law, [318]. The infancy of the Church, [320]. Persecutions under Nero, [321]. Persecution under Trajan and the Antonines, [324]. |
| CHAPTER XXXVIII |
| [Aspects of Civilisation of the First Two Centuries of the Empire] | [329] |
| The spirit of the times, [329]. Manners and customs, [335]. Suppers and banquets, [339]. The circles, [342]. Public readings, [345]. Libraries and book-making, [346]. The ceremony of a Roman marriage, [349]. The status of women, [352]. Paternal authority and adoption: The slavery of children, [356]. The institution of slavery, [359]. Games and recreations, [367]. The Roman theatre and amphitheatre, [370]. Sheppard’s estimate of the gladiatorial contest, [375]. |
| CHAPTER XXXIX |
| [A Half Century of Decline: Commodus to Alexander Severus (161-235 A.D.)] | [377] |
| Commodus, [378]. Cruelties and death of Commodus, [379]. Pertinax (P. Helvius Pertinax), [382]. Julianus (M. Didius Severus Julianus), [383]. Severus (L. Septimius Severus), [385]. Conquests of Severus, [387]. Caracalla (M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla), [391]. Macrinus (M. Opilius Macrinus), [393]. Elagabalus (Narius Avibus Bassianus), [395]. Dion Cassius on the accession and reign of Elagabalus, [396]. Alexander Severus (M. Aurelius Alexander Severus), [400]. Renan’s characterisation of the period, [403]. |
| CHAPTER XL |
| [Confusion Worse Confounded: The Second Half of the Third Century of Empire (235-285 A.D.)] | [406] |
| Maximin (C. Julius Verus Maximinus), [408]. Rival emperors and the death of Maximin, [409]. Pupienus (M. Clodius Pupienus Maximus), Balbinus (D. Cælius Balbinus), and Gordian (M. Antonius Gordianus), [411]. Philip (M. Julius Philippus), [412]. Decius (C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius), [413]. Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), [414]. Æmilianus (C. Julius Æmilianus), [414]. Valerian (P. Licinius Valerianus) and Gallienus (P. Licinius Gallienus), [415]. Gallienus (P. Licinius Gallienus), [417]. The thirty tyrants, [418]. Claudius (M. Aurelius Claudius), [420]. Aurelian (L. Domitius Aurelianus), [421]. Aurelian walls Rome and invades the East, [422]. Zosimus describes the defeat of Zenobia, [423]. The fall of Palmyra, [424]. Aurelian quells revolts; attempts reforms; is murdered, [426]. Tacitus (M. Claudius Tacitus), [427]. Probus (M. Aurelius Probus), [428]. The Isaurian robbers, [430]. Carus, Numerianus and Carinus, [431]. |
| CHAPTER XLI |
| [New Hope for the Empire: The Age of Diocletian and Constantine (286-337 A.D.)] | [433] |
| Diocletian appoints Maximian Co-Regent, [433]. The fourfold division of power, [434]. Diocletian persecutes the Christians, [436]. Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian; the two new Cæsars, [437]. Strife among the rulers, [438]. Constantine wars with Maxentius, [439]. Struggle between Constantine and Licinius, [442]. The long truce between the emperors: Reforms of Constantine, [445]. Constantine and Licinius again at war, [447]. Constantine besieges Byzantium, [448]. Constantine, sole ruler, founds Constantinople, [450]. The old metropolis and the new: Rome and Constantinople, [453]. Character of Constantine the Great, [454]. Constantine and Crispus, [457]. The heirs of Constantine, [460]. The aged Constantine and the Samaritans, [462]. Last days of Constantine, [465]. |
| CHAPTER XLII |
| [The Successors of Constantine to the Death of Julian (337-363 A.D.)] | [466] |
| War of the Brother Emperors, [469]. Constantius and Magnentius, [470]. Constantius sole emperor, [472]. The fate of Gallus, [476]. Constantius and Julian, [477]. The Quadian and Sarmatian wars, [478]. Sapor’s invasion of Mesopotamia, [479]. Julian in Gaul, [481]. Julian repulses the Alamanni and the Franks, [483]. Expedition beyond the Rhine, [485]. Julian as civic ruler, [486]. The jealousy of Constantius, [488]. Julian acclaimed Augustus, [491]. Constantius versus Julian, [493]. The death of Constantius; Julian sole emperor, [497]. The religion of Julian, [498]. Julian invades the East, [499]. A battle by the Tigris, [503]. The pursuit of Sapor, [505]. Julian’s death, [508]. |
| CHAPTER XLIII |
| [Jovian to Theodosius (363-395 A.D.)] | [510] |
| Election of Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), [510]. Sapor assails the Romans, [511]. The humiliation of the Romans, [512]. Valentinian and Valens, [516]. Invasion of the Goths in the East; battle of Hadrianopolis and death of Valens, [520]. Valens marches against the Goths, [523]. Theodosius named Augustus, [525]. Virtues of Theodosius, [528]. Tumult in Antioch, [529]. The sedition of Thessalonica, [531]. Theodosius and Ambrose, [532]. Last days of Theodosius, [534]. |
| CHAPTER XLIV |
| [The Division of the Empire (395-408 A.D.)] | [535] |
| Arcadius and Honorius succeed Theodosius, [535]. Alaric invades Greece, [543]. |
| CHAPTER XLV |
| [The Goths in Italy (408-423 A.D.)] | [550] |
| Alaric invades Italy, [550]. Honorius retires to Ravenna; Attalus named Emperor, [556]. Attalus deposed; Rome sacked by Alaric, [559]. Death of Alaric; succession of Atawulf, [564]. Constantine and Gerontius; Constantius, [566]. |
| CHAPTER XLVI |
| [The Huns and the Vandals (423-455 A.D.)] | [572] |
| The Gothic historian Jordanes on the battle of Châlons, [587]. The invasion of Italy; the foundation of Venice, [591]. The retreat of Attila, [592]. |
| CHAPTER XLVII |
| [The Fall of Rome (430-476 A.D.)] | [598] |
| The Barbarian Emperor-makers, [610]. A review of the Barbarian advance, [618]. A fulfilled augury, [623]. Breysig’s observations on the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, [623]. |
| APPENDIX A |
| [History in Outline of Some Lesser Nations of Asia Minor (283 B.C.-17 A.D.)] | [626] |
| APPENDIX B |
| [The Roman State and the Early Christian Church] | [629] |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [643] |
| [A General Bibliography of Roman History] | [645] |