[c] George Finlay, History of the Byzantine and the Greek Empires from 716-1453.
[d] Georgius Pachymeres, Historia Byzantina.
[e] Ernest Lavisse and Alfred Rambaud, op. cit.
[f] H. Gelzer, op. cit.
Chapter XI. Manuel II to the Fall of Constantinople
[b] G. F. Hertzberg, op. cit.
[c] George Finlay, op. cit.
[d] Edward Gibbon, op. cit.
[e] H. Gelzer, op. cit.
[f] Georgios Phranzes, Χρονίκον.