The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 07

by Unknown

TOGETHER WITH

A SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

BY

JAMES T. SHOTWELL

WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM

SIGURD ABEL, JOHANN CHRISTOPH ADELUNG, AGOBARD, ANASTASIUS, ANNALES
FULDENSES, ANNALES METTENSES, BARONIUS, FRIEDRICH BLUHME, HENRY
BRADLEY, HERMANN BROSIEN, JAMES BRYCE, CODEX CAROLINUS,
CASSIODORUS, CHRONICLE OF MOISSIAC, ROBERT COMYN,
CORIPPUS, C. DU F. DU CANGE, S. A. DUNHAM,
JEAN VICTOR DURUY, ERCHANBERTUS,
EVAGRIUS OF EPIPHANEIA,
ERNST WILHELM FÖRSTEMANN, FREDEGARIUS SCHOLASTICUS, E. A. FREEMAN,
GABRIEL H. GAILLARD, GEORGIUS MONACHUS, HEINRICH GERDES, AUGUST
FRIEDRICH GFÖRER, GREGORY OF TOURS, JACOB GRIMM, ALBERT
GUELDENPENNING, HENRY HALLAM, JOSEPH VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL,
JEAN BARTHÉLEMY HAURÉAU, KARL
JOSEPH VON HEFELE, ISIDORUS HISPALENSIS,
HENRY H. HOWORTH,
JOHN OF EPHESUS, JULIAN, LAMBERT VON HERSFELD (or ASCHAFFENBURG), ERNEST
LAVISSE AND ALFRED RAMBAUD, CHARLES LECOINTE, LEO DIACONUS,
CHARLTON T. LEWIS, MARIE PAULINE DE LÉZARDIÈRE, LIBANIUS,
JULIUS LIPPERT, MALCHUS PHILADELPHUS, WILHELM
MARTENS, HENRI MARTIN, WOLFGANG MENZEL,
J. F. MICHAUD, MONK OF ST. GAUL, DAVID
MÜLLER, FRIEDRICH MÜLLER,
NICEPHORUS PATRIARCHA, NICETAS ACOMINATUS, OELSNER, GEORGIUS PACHYMERES,
R. PALLMANN, PANEGYRICI VETERES, PAULUS DIACONUS, WALTER C. PERRY,
PETRUS PATRIARCHUS, GEORGIUS PHRANZES, PROSPER AQUITANICUS,
PTOLEMY, HERMANN VON REICHENAU, E. ROBERT ROESLER,
SALVIANUS OF MARSEILLES, F. J. SAULCY, K. SCHENK,
F. C. SCHLOSSER, LUDWIG SCHMIDT,
J. Y. SHEPPARD,
C. SOLLIUS APOLLINARIS SIDONIUS, JAMES SIME, M. E. THALHEIMER, THEOPHANES,
THEOPHYLACTUS SIMOCATTA, THIETMAR OF MERSEBURG, GEOFFREY DE
VILLE-HARDOUIN, WALAFRIED STRABUS, WIPO, JOHANN
G. A. WIRTH, J. K. ZEUS

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CONTENTS

VOLUME VII
	PAGE
[BOOK I. THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST]
[Introductory Essay. A Survey of the History of the Middle Ages.] By James T. Shotwell, Ph.D.	[xiii]
[History in Outline of the Later Roman Empire in the East]	[1]
CHAPTER I
[The Reign of Arcadius (395-408 A.D.)]	[25]
A comparison of the two empires, [25]. Greatness of Constantinople, [28]. The East and the West, [30]. Alaric’s revolt, [30]. Eutropius the Eunuch, [33]. Tribigild the Ostrogoth; the fall of Eutropius, [35]. St. John Chrysostom, [39].
CHAPTER II
[Reign of Theodosius the Younger to the Elevation of Justinian (408-527 A.D.)]	[42]
The Huns, [45]. Ammianus Marcellinus describes the Huns, [47]. Attila, king of the Huns, [48]. The diplomacy of Attila, [54]. Attempt to assassinate Attila, [58]. Successors of Theodosius, [60].
CHAPTER III
[Justinian and Theodora (525-548 A.D.)]	[66]
The factions of the Circus, [69]. Avarice and profession of Justinian, [74]. The building of St. Sophia, [79]. Other buildings of Justinian, [81]. Fortifications, [82]. Suppression of the schools, [85]. Extinction of the Roman consulship, [87]. The Vandalic War, [87]. Belisarius, [89]. Belisarius enters Carthage, [92]. Triumph and meekness of Belisarius, [96]. Solomon’s wars with the Moors, [98]. Military tactics under Justinian, [100]. Decadence of the soldiery, [103].
CHAPTER IV
[The Later Years of Justinian’s Reign (535-565 A.D.)]	[106]
Byzantium rids Rome of the Goths, [106]. Finlay’s estimate of Belisarius, [109]. The Goths renew the war, [110]. Belisarius in Rome, [111]. Gibbon’s estimate of Belisarius and his times, [113]. Barbaric inroads, [114]. Slavic incursions, [116]. Turks and Avars, [119]. Relations of the Roman Empire with Persia, [121]. The revolt in Africa, [124]. Invasion of the Cotrigur Huns, [127]. End of Belisarius, [129]. Death of Justinian, [130]. Justinian as a legislator, [131]. Bury’s estimate of Justinian, [136].
CHAPTER V
[Reign of Justin II to Heraclius (565-629 A.D.)]	[137]
Reign of Tiberius, [140]. The Emperor Maurice, [142]. The Persian War, [143]. The Avars, [147]. State of the Roman armies, [150]. Rebellion against Maurice, [151]. Phocas emperor, [153]. Heraclius emperor, [155]. Heraclius plans to remove the capital to Carthage, [158]. The awakening of Heraclius, [159]. Triumph of Heraclius, [162]. The siege of Constantinople, [164]. Third expedition of Heraclius, [165]. Battle of Nineveh, [166]. The end of Chosroes, [167].
CHAPTER VI
[Heraclius and his Successors (610-717 A.D.)]	[170]
The provinces under Heraclius, [173]. Barriers against the Northern barbarians, [176]. Religious activities of Heraclius, [177]. Wars with the Mohammedans, [179]. The reign of Constans II, [182]. Religious feuds, [183]. The growing danger from the Saracens, [184]. Reign of Constantine IV, [186]. Saracen wars and siege of Constantinople, [187]. Justinian II, [189]. The government of Leontius, [192]. Justinian recovers the throne, [193]. Anarchy, [194].
CHAPTER VII
[Leo the Isaurian to Joannes Zimisces (717-969 A.D.)]	[197]
Leo (III) the Isaurian, [201]. The siege of Constantinople, [202]. Revolt against Leo, [205]. The Iconoclasts, [207]. Iconoclasm after Leo, [209]. The reign of Constantine (V) Copronymus, [210]. Government of Copronymus; the Saracen wars, [211]. Wars with Bulgaria, [212]. Council of 754, [214]. Leo IV and Constantine VI, [215]. The empress Irene, [216]. Irene and iconoclasm, [217]. End of Byzantine authority at Rome, [219]. Nicephorus and Michael I, [220]. Leo the Armenian, [221]. The Amorian dynasty (820-867 A.D.): Michael II, [222]. Theophilus, [222]. Theodora and Michael the Drunkard, [223]. The Basilian or Macedonian dynasty (867-1057 A.D.): Basil, [225]. Leo (VI) the Philosopher, [228]. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, [228]. Romanus Lecapenus, [229]. Romanus II, [230]. Nicephorus Phocas, [231]. The wars of Nicephorus, [231].
CHAPTER VIII
[Glory and Decline of the Empire (969-1204 A.D.)]	[235]
The Russian war, [237]. War with the Saracens, [241]. The apex of glory, [242]. Basil II and his successors, [243]. Separation of Greek and Latin churches, [250]. The Comneni, [251]. Romanus in the field, [253]. Captivity of the emperor, [255]. The sons of Constantine XI and Nicephorus III, [257]. Anna Comnena’s history, [259]. Troubles of Alexius, [259]. The Norman invasion, [260]. Joannes (II) Comnenus (Calo-Joannes), [263]. Manuel I, [264]. The adventures of Andronicus, [266]. Alexius II, [269]. Andronicus I emperor, [270]. Gibbon’s review of the emperors, [271]. Isaac (II) Angelus, [273]. Intervention of the crusaders, [273]. The capture of Constantinople, [275]. Second capture, and sack of the city, [278].
CHAPTER IX
[The Latin Empire (1204-1261 A.D.)]	[282]
The election of an emperor, [283]. Baldwin crowned, [284]. Division of the territory, [285]. The pope acknowledged, [286]. Fate of the royal fugitives, [287]. Baldwin quarrels with Boniface, [288]. Other conquests, [290]. The Bulgarian War, [291]. Defeat of the Latins, [292]. The fate of Baldwin, [295]. Henry of Hainault, [296]. Pierre de Courtenai and Robert of Namur, [298]. Jean de Brienne, [299]. Baldwin II, [300]. The crown of thorns, [300]. Progress of the Greeks, [301]. Constantinople recovered by the Greeks, [302].
CHAPTER X
[The Restoration of the Greek Empire (1204-1391 A.D.)]	[304]
Theodore (I) Lascaris and Joannes Vatatzes, [304]. Theodore (II) Lascaris and Joannes (IV) Lascaris, [305]. Michael (VIII) Palæologus, [305]. Michael Palæologus crowned emperor, [307]. Return and rule of the Greek emperor, [308]. The provinces of the empire, [311]. Andronicus II, [317]. The Catalan Grand Company, [320]. The duchy of Athens, [322]. Walter de Brienne and Cephisus, [322]. Andronicus II to the restoration of the Palæologi, [323]. The crusade of the fourteenth century, [329]. The empire tributary to the Turks, [330].
CHAPTER XI
[Manuel II to the Fall of Constantinople (1391-1453 A.D.)]	[331]
Manuel II, [331]. Reign of Joannes VII, [336]. Brief union of the Greek and Roman churches, [337]. Reign of Constantine XIII, [338]. War with Muhammed, [340]. Church dissensions, [341]. Preparations for defence, [342]. The siege begins, [344]. The final assault, [349]. The sack of Constantinople, [352]. End of the Comneni and Palæologi, [356].
[Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters]	[359]
[BOOK II. THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST]
[Introduction]	[361]
CHAPTER I
[Odoacer to the Triumph of Narses (476-568 A.D.)]	[377]
The rise of Theodoric, [380]. The Goths move upon Italy, [383]. Theodoric the Great, [385]. Theodoric and the Church, [389]. The fate of Boethius and Symmachus, [391]. The troubles of Amalasuntha, [394]. Justinian intervenes, [396]. Witiges king of the Goths, [399]. Belisarius and the siege of Rome, [399]. Sufferings of the Romans, [402]. The pope deposed, [403]. A three months’ truce, [404]. Last efforts of the Goths, [405]. Jealousy of the Roman generals, [406]. A Frankish invasion, [407]. The test of Belisarius’ fidelity, [409]. The rise of Totila, [410]. Belisarius again in Italy, [412]. Second siege of Rome, [413]. Totila captures Rome, [415]. Belisarius remantles the deserted city, [416]. Totila again takes Rome, [417]. Narses returns to Italy, [418]. Battle of Taginæ and death of Totila, [419]. Progress of Narses, [420]. Interference of the Franks, [422]. Battle of Capua, or the Vulturnus, [423]. End of Gothic sway, [424].
CHAPTER II
[Lombard Invasion to Liutprand’s Death (568-744 A.D.)]	[426]
Early history of the Lombards, [426]. Their wanderings from the Elbe to the Danube, [427]. The Lombards in the region of the Danube, [429]. Wars with the Gepids, [431]. Alboin annihilates the Gepid power, [433]. Alboin plans to invade Italy, [434]. The end of Narses, [435]. The Lombards enter Italy, [436]. The end of Alboin, [437]. Extent of Lombard sway, [440]. The reign and wooing of Authari, [442]. Lombard government and law, [443]. The decay of Rome, [444]. The Lombard kings, [445]. Decline of the Lombard kingdom, [446]. Reign of Liutprand, [447]. Liutprand and Martel, [448]. Liutprand and the Italian powers, [449]. Liutprand, the pope, and Constantinople, [450]. Peace with Rome, [454]. Hodgkin’s estimate of Liutprand, [455].
CHAPTER III
[The Franks to the Time of Charles Martel (55 B.C.-732 A.D.)]	[457]
First conflicts with Rome, [460]. Franks in the Roman army, [462]. Early kings and the Salic Laws, [463]. The reign of Clovis, [466]. Clovis turns Christian, [469]. Successors of Clovis to Pepin, [477]. The rise of Pepin, [481]. Pepin of Heristal, [482]. The career of Charles Martel, [488].
CHAPTER IV
[Charles Martel to Charlemagne (732-768 A.D.)]	[497]
The Saracens repelled, [498]. The affairs of Rome, [499]. The pope calls to Charles, [500]. Carloman and Pepin the Short, [502]. Pepin sole ruler, [504]. Secularisation, [506]. The anointing of Pepin, [507]. Lombard affairs, [509]. The pope visits Pepin, [511]. Pepin invades Italy, [513]. Second war with the Lombards, [513]. Desiderius made Lombard king, [515]. Pepin and the Aquitanians, [516].
CHAPTER V
[Charlemagne (768-814 A.D.)]	[520]
His biography, by a contemporary, [520]. The Italian War, [523]. The Saxon War, [524]. The pass of Roncesvalles, [525]. Third visit to Italy, [526]. Bavarian War with Tassilo, [526]. Wars in the North and with the Avars, [527]. Danish War, [528]. Glory of Charlemagne, [528]. His family, [530]. His personal look and habits, [532]. His imperial title, [535]. His death, [535]. His will and testament, [537]. Giesebrecht on Charles the Great, [539]. The final subjugation of the Saxons, [543]. The imperial coronation, [544]. Administration and reforms of Charles, [546]. Last years of Charles, [552]. The legendary Charlemagne, [554]. The Monk of St. Gall’s story, [554]. Sheppard’s summary of the legends, [555].
CHAPTER VI
[Charlemagne’s Successors to the Treaty of Verdun (814-843 A.D.)]	[557]
Louis le Débonnaire, or Pious, [557]. Humiliation of Louis, [560]. Louis returns to power, [561]. Last years of Louis, [563]. Quarrels of his successors, [565]. Charles the Bald and Ludwig the German unite, [566]. Lothair brought to terms, [569]. Oppression of the Saxon freemen, [570]. The Treaty of Verdun, [571].
CHAPTER VII
[The Birth of German Nationality (843-936 A.D.)]	[574]
The reign of Ludwig the German, [575]. War with the Slavonic tribes, [576]. Ludwig turns against Charles the Bald, [577]. The end of Lothair, [578]. Ludwig and Charles divide Lothair’s possessions, [580]. Last years of Ludwig the German, [580]. The sons of Ludwig the German; Charles the Fat, [582]. Ludwig the Younger, [583]. Ravages of the Northmen, [586]. Charles the Fat, [587]. Arnulf, [589]. Arnulf enters Italy, [591]. The Babenberg feud, [593]. The Hungarian invasions, [594]. Conrad I, [595]. Reign of Henry (I) the Fowler, [598]. The unification of the empire, [599]. Wars against outer enemies, [601].
CHAPTER VIII
[Otto the Great and his Successors (936-1024 A.D.)]	[608]
The coronation of Otto I, [608]. The overthrow of the Stem duchies, [609]. The tenth-century renaissance, [610]. The strengthening of the marks, [613]. Victory over the Magyars and Wends, [613]. The revival of the Roman Empire, [614]. The imperial coronation, [615]. Wars in Italy against Byzantium, [617]. Comparison of Henry the Fowler and Otto with Charlemagne, [618]. The unforeseen evils of Otto’s reign, [620]. Otto II, [621]. Otto in France and Italy, [622]. Quelling of the Slavs, [622]. Otto III, [623]. Otto III makes and unmakes popes, [624]. Henry (II) the Saint, [626]. Henry’s policy, [627]. Relation of Italy to the empire at death of Henry II, [628].
CHAPTER IX
[The Franconian, or Salian Dynasty (1024-1125 A.D.)]	[630]
A national assembly, [631]. Conrad II increases his power, [633]. Conrad in Italy and Germany, [635]. The accession of Henry III, [638]. Henry’s efforts for peace, [639]. The papacy subordinated to Henry, [640]. The truce of God, [644]. Sorrows of Henry’s last years, [645]. Henry IV, [646]. Quarrel between Henry IV and Gregory VII, [648]. “Going to Canossa”: a contemporary account, [650]. Henry’s struggle to regain power, [653]. Henry and Conrad, [654]. End of Henry IV, [655]. Henry V and the war of investitures, [656].
[Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters]	[660]