617 The Persians occupy Chalcedon.
622 Heraclius proceeds in person against the Persians, and gradually wins back the Persian conquests.
628 Heraclius reaches Ctesiphon but is unable to take it. Rebellion in Ctesiphon. Chosroes and most of his family are slain. His eldest son Kavadh (Kobad) II, or Siroes, is made king. He murders most of his brothers, and sues for peace from the Roman Empire. A terrible pestilence breaks out and Kobad dies. His infant son, Ardashir III, succeeds. He is the last male Sassanid. The throne is disputed by many claimants. Chosroes, a son of Kobad II, makes himself king in Khorasan, but is soon slain.
629 The holy cross is returned to Heraclius. The general Shahrbaraz is supported in a claim to the throne by Heraclius. He takes Ctesiphon.
630 Murder of Ardashir, followed by that of Shahrbaraz. Boran or Puran, a daughter of Chosroes II, takes the throne. She makes a treaty with Heraclius.
631 Boran succeeded by Peroz (Peroses) II, who rules but a short time; then Azarmidokht, sister of Boran, takes the throne. Hormuz V, grandson of Chosroes II, maintains a rule over a portion of the country for a short time.
632 Azarmidokht dethroned by Rustem, hereditary marshal of Khorasan. Ferrukhzadh reigns a short time in Ctesiphon.
632 or 633 Yezdegerd III, grandson of Chosroes II, is put forward by some of the nobles and crowned. Ferrukhzadh is slain and Yezdegerd acknowledged as sole king. He declines to accept the Mohammedan religion at invitation of Abu Bekr, and the Moslems invade Persia.
636 Persian defeat by the Moslems at Cadesia, or Kadisiya.