725 Boniface establishes the German church.
726 The emperor Leo issues edict against image-worship. Italy rebels.
728 Rebellion of Ravenna over the iconoclastic edict. Liutprand, the Lombard king, captures the city. The papacy begins to free itself from the Eastern Empire. The popes are unwilling to submit themselves to the Lombards. Gregory appeals to Charles Martel for aid against the Lombards.
731 Gregory III. He defies Leo in the matter of image-worship.
739 War with the Lombards. Appeal of Gregory to the Franks for help against them.
741 Zacharias. He is the first pope to be elected without obtaining the customary consent of the exarch. The papacy is now free of the empire. It has become practically a political dukedom.
742 Zacharias visits Liutprand and obtains treaty of peace. Many possessions of the church restored by the Lombards.
749 The Lombards renew attacks on the pope.
751 Zacharias sanctions the transfer of the French crown to the Carlovingian line.
752 Stephen II dies before his consecration. Usually not reckoned in list of popes. Stephen II or III.