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CONTENTS
| VOLUME X | |
| [SPAIN] | |
| PAGE | |
| CHAPTER I | |
| [Land and People; and Gothic Sway (to 711 A.D.)] | [1] |
| The Celts and Celtiberians, [3]. The Phœnician invasions, [4]. The Greek colonies;the Carthaginian conquest, [5]. The Romans in Spain, [7]. Roman administration,[10]. Introduction of Christianity, [11]. Barbarian invasions, [14]. The Gothsarrive, [15]. Progress of the Gothic conquest, [17]. Leuvigild and Ermenigild, [21].Recared I and Catholicism, [23]. Petty monarchs, [24]. The reign of Wamba, [25].Ervigius and Ergica, [28]. Witiza, [29]. The fable of Roderic and Florinda, [31]. Visigothiccivilisation, [32]. Hardships of the Jews, [34]. Burke’s estimate of Gothicrule, [35]. | |
| CHAPTER II | |
| [The Time of Moslem Domination (711-1214 A.D.)] | [36] |
| The Asturias and Leon under Pelayo, [38]. Sebastian’s account of the battle ofCovadonga, [39]. Alfonso the Catholic, [40]. Alfonso the Chaste and Bernardo delCarpio, [42]. Alfonso the Great, [43]. Alfonso’s successors, [43]. Origin of Castile, [46].Sancho el Mayor, [47]. The history of Castile, [48]. Origin and earliest history ofthe kingdom of Aragon, [50]. Burke’s estimate of the Cid, [52]. The historical Cid, [53].Christian Spain in the twelfth century, [58]. Foundation of the Spanish orders ofknighthood, [59]. Overthrow of the Moslems, [62]. | |
| CHAPTER III | |
| [The History of Castile to the Death of Pedro the Cruel (1214-1369 A.D.)] | [63] |
| Ferdinand (III) el Santo, [65]. Burke’s estimate of Queen Berengaria, [65]. Ferdinand’sconquests, [66]. Alfonso the Learned (el Sabio) and his successors, [68].Mariana’s account of the Divine judgment on Ferdinand IV, [71]. Alfonso XI, [72].Mariana’s account of Pedro the Cruel, [73]. Ayala’s account of the king’s honeymoon,[76]. Pedro’s false marriage, [78]. Ayala’s account of the murder of Fadrique,[80]. Other royal murders, [83]. The war with Henry of Trastamara, [84]. Battle ofNajera or Navarrete, [87]. Ayala’s account of the quarrel between Edward andPedro, [88]. A new revolt; the end of Pedro the Cruel, [89]. A final estimate ofPedro the Cruel, [91]. | |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| [Aragon to the Union with Castile (1162-1475 A.D.)] | [93] |
| James the Conqueror, [94]. Pedro III and his Sicilian wars, [95]. Political growth,[98]. Interregnum in Aragon, [106]. Aragon under rulers of the royal house of Castile,[107]. Rising in Catalonia, [111]. | |
| CHAPTER V | |
| [Henry of Trastamara and Isabella of Castile (1369-1479 A.D.)] | [114] |
| Juan I and the Portuguese wars, [116]. John of Gaunt in Spain, [118]. The GoodKing Henry III, [119]. Guzman’s portrait of Juan and his minister, [122]. Chronicleof the constable Don Alvaro de Luna, [124]. Internal dissensions, [124]. The fall ofAlvaro, [126]. Hume’s estimate of Juan II, [127]. The disasters of Henry IV, [128].Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, [130]. War of the Succession, [132]. | |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| [Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1504 A.D.)] | [134] |
| Resistance to papal encroachment, [139]. The regulation of trade, [140]. The pre-eminenceof the royal authority, [141]. Progress of the war, [145]. The siege ofMalaga, [149]. The capture of Granada, [151]. End of Moslem sway in Spain, [154].Spanish explorers and Christopher Columbus, [155]. The expulsion of the Jews, [157].Persecution and revolt of the Moors, [161]. Spain in Italy; the Great Captain, [163].Illness and death of Isabella, [166]. Prescott’s estimate of Isabella, [169]. Burke’s estimateof Isabella; Hume’s estimate, [176]. | |
| CHAPTER VII | |
| [The Regencies of Ferdinand (1504-1517 A.D.)] | [178] |
| Philip enters Spain, 181, The reign of Philip I, [183]. Death of Philip; Juana’smadness, [185]. The return of Ferdinand, [187]. Was Queen Juana insane? [189]. Ferdinand’ssecond regency, [192]. Death and character of Ferdinand, [193]. The regency ofCardinal Ximenes, [196]. Death and character of Ximenes, [198]. The two chief worksof Ximenes, [200]. Comparison of Ximenes and Richelieu, [201]. Review of the reignof Ferdinand and Isabella, [202]. Discovery and colonisation, [205]. The golden ageof Spain, [207]. | |
| CHAPTER VIII | |
| [The Emperor Charles V (1517-1556 A.D.)] | [211] |
| King Charles becomes emperor, [213]. Charles’ struggle with the cortes, [216].Revolt of the germaneros and the comuneros, [218]. Queen Juana released, [219]. TheMoors under Charles V, [223]. Charles retires from the world, [226]. De Marliani’sreview of the influence of Charles V on Spain, [230]. | |
| CHAPTER IX | |
| [The Reign of Philip II (1556-1598 A.D.)] | [233] |
| Philip’s marriage with Mary Tudor, [234]. Philip’s character, [235]. War withthe Turks, [239]. Wars with France, [239]. The Netherlands, [240]. English affairsand the Armada, [244]. Acquisition of Portugal, [246]. Moriscos revolt, [247]. Moorishatrocities, [248]. Christian atrocities, [249]. The misfortunes of Don Carlos, [251]. Fateof the king’s secretary, Perez, [253]. De Castro’s estimate of Antonio Perez, [255]. Thedeath of Philip, [256]. Dunham’s estimate of Philip II, [259]. Watson on Philip’s imprudences,[259]. | |
| CHAPTER X | |
| [The Last of the Spanish Habsburgs (1598-1700 A.D.)] | [261] |
| Causes of Spain’s rapid decline, [262]. Philip IV, “the Great,” [266]. The Catalaninsurrection, [267]. The Thirty Years’ War and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, [268].Death of Philip IV, [271]. King Charles II and the French War, [271]. The fate ofthe young queen, [274]. Last years of Charles II, [275]. The distresses of Spain, [277]. | |
| CHAPTER XI | |
| [Revival of Spain under the First Bourbons (1700-1788 A.D.)] | [279] |
| French influence dominates, [280]. The new queen and the princess Orsini, [282].War of the Spanish Succession, [283]. The Catalan revolt, [290]. A new Europeanwar, [292]. Philip abdicates and returns, [294]. The adventures of Ripperdá, [295].Spanish account of the war with England, [298]. The war of the Austrian Succession,[300]. The Good King Ferdinand VI, [301]. The singer Farinelli, [301]. Charles III,[303]. Expulsion of the Jesuits, [306]. | |
| CHAPTER XII | |
| [Spain and the French Revolution (1788-1808 A.D.)] | [310] |
| The rise of Godoy, [311]. Godoy as minister, and the war with France, [313].Spain in alliance with France against England, [317]. The autocracy of Godoy, [320].Napoleon schemes for Spain, [325]. Charles IV abdicates; the Bourbons at Bayonne,[327]. Lafuente’s account of the Dos de Mayo, [329]. The royal family at Bayonne, [333]. | |
| CHAPTER XIII | |
| [The Peninsula War (1808-1814 A.D.)] | [336] |
| War declared on France, [337]. Joseph Bonaparte chosen king of Spain, [337].The English appear, [340]. Moore’s famous retreat, [343]. Napier’s story of Moore’s retreat,[345]. A Spanish opinion of the retreat, [348]. French successes, [348]. Wellingtonresumes control, [350]. The lines of Torres Vedras, [353]. Failures in Spain, [357].Napier’s account of the assault on Badajoz, [359]. British progress, [365]. Napier’s accountof the retreat, [367]. Affairs of 1812-1813, [367]. Return of the Bourbons, [370].England’s share in the war, [372]. Napier’s estimate of Wellington, [373]. | |
| CHAPTER XIV | |
| [The Restoration of the Bourbons (1814-1902 A.D.)] | [375] |
| The reign of terror, [379]. The tyrannies of Ferdinand “the Desired,” [380]. Aserial revolution, [382]. Châteaubriand’s account of the chaos, [386]. Civil war, [387].Intervention of the Holy Alliance, [389]. The French invasion, [390]. The return ofFerdinand, [392]. Rise of Carlism, [395]. War of the Christinos and Carlists, [396]. Thestormy regency of Christina, [398]. Espartero regent, [399]. The profligate queenIsabella II, [399]. The rebellion of 1868, [402]. Pirala on the “Mild Anarchy”of 1869, [403]. Estimate of Cherbuliez of General Prim, [404]. The hunt for aking, [406]. Amadeo’s reign and the republic, [407]. Republican Spain under Castelar,[411]. The Basques and Carlism, [412]. The dictatorship of Serrano, [414]. The BourbonAlfonso XII elected, [416]. Alfonso XII and the European powers, [418]. Theregency of Maria Christina, [418]. | |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [422] |
| [BOOK II. THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT] | |
| CHAPTER I | |
| [Early History to João I (to 1383 A.D.)] | [425] |
| Land and people, [425]. The origin of Portugal, [427]. Herculano’s estimate of thefirst Portuguese king, [432]. Reigns of Sancho I and Alfonso II, [434]. Sancho IIcalled Capello (“the hooded”), [437]. Sancho deposed, Alfonso III succeeds, [438].Political importance of Alfonso’s reign, [440]. Don Diniz, [441]. The romance of Iñesde Castro, [444]. Pedro the Severe, [446]. | |
| CHAPTER II | |
| [The Period of Glory and Discovery (1383-1521 A.D.)] | [452] |
| The taking of Ceuta, [455]. Prince Henry the Navigator, [459]. The reign ofDuarte, or Edward, [461]. The regency of Pedro, [465]. Alfonso V and La Beltraneja,[468]. Reign of João (II) the Perfect, [470]. Character of João II, [472]. Progress indiscovery, [474]. Martius’ account of Vasco and Cabral, [475]. The conquest of India,[479]. Emmanuel the Fortunate, [484]. The great voyage of Magellan, [486]. | |
| CHAPTER III | |
| [The Fall, the Captivity, and the Revolution (1521-1640 A.D.)] | [489] |
| The Portuguese in Africa, India, and Brazil, [490]. Ennes’ account of the decadenceof Portugal, [492]. The regencies and the reign of Sebastian, [495]. The débâcleat Kassr-el-Kebir, [496]. The cardinal-king and the Portuguese succession, [498].Philip II of Spain becomes Philip I of Portugal, [500]. The English in Portugal, [502].The false Sebastians, [503]. Chagas’ account of the loss of the colonies, [504]. Domesticdisaster, [506]. Philip II, [508]. Philip III (Philip IV of Spain), [508]. Ennes’ accountof the conspiracy, [510]. Chagas’ account of the 1st of December, [511]. | |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| [João IV to João VI (1640-1822 A.D.)] | [514] |
| Alfonso VI, [516]. Pedro II; João V, [519]. The colonies decline, [521]. The reignof José I, [522]. The great minister Pombal, [523]. The earthquake at Lisbon (November1st, 1755), [525]. Pombal and the Jesuits, [527]. A plot to assassinate the king,[528]. The exile of the Jesuits, [529]. War with Spain, [530]. Schlosser’s estimate ofPombal, [531]. The new queen and reaction, [533]. The regency and the French Revolution,[536]. The invasion of the French, [537]. The Throne moves to Brazil, [538].The Peninsula War, [539]. Portugal an English province, [541]. The revolt and recallof the king, [542]. The loss of Brazil, [543]. | |
| CHAPTER V | |
| [The Nineteenth Century (1822-1900 A.D.)] | [544] |
| Portugal receives a new ruler and a new constitution, [546]. Dom Miguel seizesthe power, [547]. Maria II, [550]. Cabral and the Chartists in power, [553]. The Septembristsoverthrow Costa Cabral, [554]. The reign of Luiz, [557]. Carlos I becomesking, [559]. Portuguese literature, [560]. | |
| APPENDIX A | |
| [The Inquisition] | [562] |
| The Cathari, [564]. The Waldenses, [565]. Crusade against the Albigenses, [566].The Inquisition established, [567]. Method of procedure with a suspect, [570]. JohnFox on the evils of the Inquisition, [572]. How a penitent was treated, [573]. The historyof torture, [574]. A contemporary account of the preliminaries to torture, [575].Limborch’s account of the fate of a Jew, [578]. The other forms of torture, [580]. Tormentodi Toca, [580]. The chafing-dish; the water-cure, [580]. The proceedingsagainst an Englishwoman, [581]. Inquisitorial documents, [582]. How the record waskept, [583]. The proper form of torture for women, [583]. Later history of the Inquisitionof Spain, [584]. State of the Jews in Spain, [585]. “Conversion” of the Jews,[586]. Queen Isabella persuaded to persecution, [587]. The Inquisition of 1481, [589].The Spanish or “Modern” Inquisition established, [590]. The Auto da fé, [591]. Torquemadaand his successors, [592]. Llorente’s computation of the victims of the Inquisition,[595]. Effects and influences of the Inquisition, [598]. | |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [599] |
| [A Brief Résumé of Spanish History (711-1902 A.D.)] | [601] |
| [A Brief Résumé of Portuguese History (997-1903 A.D.)] | [628] |
| [A General Bibliography of Spanish History] | [637] |
| [A General Bibliography of Portuguese History] | [650] |
BOOK I
THE HISTORY OF SPAIN FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY
CHAPTER I. LAND AND PEOPLE; AND GOTHIC SWAY
[to 711 A.D.]
Few histories afford lessons of greater value than those of Spain and Portugal. They teem with proofs that independence and liberty are not less important to the wealth and political power of a country than to its happiness; that neither natural advantages nor the character of the inhabitants, neither increase of territory nor external peace and domestic tranquillity can in any measure counterbalance the destructive effects of a foreign yoke, or of a despotic government.
The Spanish peninsula, considered as a whole, combines most of the advantages of an insular, with those of a continental, position. Almost entirely surrounded by the sea, Spain is an island with regard to trade and fisheries; whilst the neck of land that connects her with France at once furnishes in the Pyrenees a mountainous barrier against that country, and preserves her from entire dependence upon winds and waves in her external relations.