Twentieth Century
1901 The king, to commemorate the opening of the new century, grants a general amnesty to all convicted of political and press offences. The king visits London in order to attend Queen Victoria’s funeral ceremony in London, but on account of disturbances at home has to hurry back. Riots at Oporto.
1902 Dom Carlos visits the king of England and on his return the king of Spain, and re-enters Lisbon amid acclamation. Financial conditions cause much trouble throughout Portugal.
1903 The cabinet resigns, February 27th. A new cabinet is formed on the following day. King Edward of England visits Lisbon. Portuguese troops at Oporto mutiny and proclaim the Republic.
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPANISH HISTORY
BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
Abarca, Pedro de, Los Reyes de Aragon, 1684.—Addison, J., Charles the Third of Spain, London, 1900.—Alberoni, G., Cardinal, Testament politique du Cardinal Alberoni recueilli de divers mémoires, lettres et entretiens de Son Éminence traduit d’ l’Italien par le comte de R. B. M., Lausanne, 1753.—Alfaro, Compendio de la historia de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.—Alfonso X, Las quatro partes enteras de la crónica de España, edited by Florián de Ocampo, Zamora, 1541; Los quatro libros primeros de la crónica general de España; Documentos de la época de Don Alfonso el Sabio, Real Academia de la historia, Madrid, 1851.
To Alfonso X, known as the Learned, Spanish language and literature owe an enormous debt. He was the first to take the Castilian tongue, as the official language, and he made use of it in his own writings. Numerous are the literary works which bear his name and were, some written by him, some compiled under his direction. The chief that concern us here are of two classes, historical and legislative. Of the former class the principal is the Estoria de Espanna or Crónica general. There is a dispute as to how much of this was written by Alfonso himself. Some authorities credit him with the whole. It extends from the creation to Alfonso’s own accession and is based partly on older histories, partly on tradition and poetic legends of which it is a perfect storehouse. Of the Siete Partidas, which belong to the second class and were called by Alfonso El Setenario, Ticknor says that they “do not always read like a collection of statutes.... They often seem rather to be a series of treatises on legislation, morals, and religion divided with great formality into Parts, Titles, and Laws.”
Al Makkari, Analectos de la historia literaria y política de los árabes de España, Leipsic, 1855-1858, 4 vols.; History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, translated, with notes by Pascual de Gayangos, London, 1840-1843, 2 vols.