Raudot, Jacques (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in 1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).
Razilly, Chevalier de. Ch One of the Hundred Associates, 170; ordered to assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with expedition to take possession of Quebec, 213.
Ré, François, Sieur de Gand. Ch One of the Hundred Associates, 171.
Read, David Breakenridge (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; mayor of Toronto, 1858. Index: Mc On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a reformer, 5; on responsible government, 12. Bib.: Works: The Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada; The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe; The Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock; The Rebellion of 1837; The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Ontario. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.
Reade, Alfred. W Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78; discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.
Rebellion Losses Bill. Mc Furious debate on, between MacNab and Blake, 489. BL Passed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; its history, 305-334, 335, 336. E History of, 63-84; commission appointed by Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; La Fontaine's resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter opposition of Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in opposition to bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities, 70; Elgin gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the Montreal riots, 73-77, 161, 203. B History of, 34-38. C John A. Macdonald characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. Md Circumstances leading up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to Legislature, 35; passes the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; cause of unseemly riots, 38; causes division of opinion in British Parliament, 41. See also Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada. The culmination of a long agitation, on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of popular government. The older and more experienced of their leaders refused to overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but Papineau, Wolfred Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts determined to resort to armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches and demonstrations, in the summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau was the central figure, led to incipient riots in Montreal and elsewhere, and the decision of the authorities to arrest Papineau blew the smouldering embers into a fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered their followers together at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Colonel Gore and Colonel Wetherall were sent to disperse them. Shortly after, Amury Girod raised the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, and Sir John Colborne led a force against him. In every case the rebels were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and the other leaders fled. Papineau and Brown escaped over the border. The others were captured and exiled to Bermuda. The next year Robert Nelson and Dr. Côte made a final attempt at Napierville. Nelson managed to escape, but his misguided followers were captured, twelve executed, and eighty-seven transported to Australia. Index: C Responsibility of the government for, 2; Cartier's part in, 7; defence of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of the constitution of 1791, 11; origin of, 121-122. Sy In Lower Canada, 57. B Attributed by Durham to racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12. P Responsibility of the bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in Montreal, 127; Demaray and Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure Viger and party of Patriotes, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel Wetherall's against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, 130-132; at St. Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight at St. Eustache, 135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of 1838 crushed, 139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's version, 146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. BL Papineau's connection with, 45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, 287-288. MS Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence strongly against Papineau, 243. H Its effect on popular party in Nova Scotia, 49. E Its causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of the Rebellion, 62-63; contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. Md Cartier involved in, 7; takes advantage of amnesty, 7; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. See also Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; Rebellion Losses Bill. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada; Carrier, Les Evénéments de 1837-1838; David, Les Patriotes de 1837; Globensky, La Rebellion de 1837; Theller, Canada in 1837-38.
Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada. Almost the exact counterpart of the revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city, were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements, they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape. Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were made in this and the following years, with the aid of American sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the rebels. Index: Mc Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; Globe justifies, 13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of rebellion, 14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's view, 18, 27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; Chamberlain's view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low murmur of insurrection," 300. B Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of Family Compact, 11. MS Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's Bay Company influence supports government, 242. BL Mackenzie's and Rolph's connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; attack planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, 43; and are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and Lount's connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. E Its causes, 17, 18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. R Mentioned, 113, 143. Md Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. See also W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount; Grievances. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Head, Narrative; King, Other Side of the Story; Ryerson, Affairs of the Canadas; Glenelg, Despatches to Sir F. B. Head; Read, Rebellion of 1837; Lizars, Humours of '37.
Reciprocity. Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between the years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year, when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887, 1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to respond. Index: B Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its abrogation, 148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be favourable to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; confederate council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington, 193; reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines scheme, 193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation as against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set aside in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject, 224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown treaty of 1874—history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty, 228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230; treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged against treaty in Canada, 231-232. BL Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302; movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. H Halifax Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United States, 115-116. E Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified by MacNab-Morin government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. Md Treaty negotiated by Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, favouring renewal of, 99; ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. T Discussed in New Brunswick Assembly, 28; treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33. See also Elgin; Unrestricted Reciprocity; Commercial Union; Zollverein. Bib.: Derby, Report upon the Treaty of Reciprocity; Griffin, The Provinces and the States; Howe, The Reciprocity Treaty; Haliburton, American Protection and Canadian Reciprocity.
Récollets. A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in 1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of the order who came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became famous as the historians of their missions in New France. Index: F Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. Dr Their churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. L Recommend adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges reopened, 236. Ch Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; papal brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission a failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. Hd Recommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. Bib.: Le Clerc, First Establishment of the Faith in New France, trans. by Shea; Sagard, Histoire du Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France, Old Régime, and Frontenac.