Sable Island. Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about the beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot mappemonde of 1544. First appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546. Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors, eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's Novus Orbis, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century, it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size. Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the Atlantic." Bib.: Patterson, Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena (R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena (N. S. Inst. of Science Trans., vi.); Taché, Les Sablons; Paul de Gazes, Ile de Sable (R. S. C., 1892).
Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount (1716-1785). Served with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755; lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. Index: Dr Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164; generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as Viscount Sackville, 192. Hd Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by, 112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to, 132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to, 164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Saco River. F Fort built at falls of, 329.
Sagard-Théodat, Gabriel. F Récollet, on bad examples shown by colonists to Indians, 14. L Missionary labours of, 3. Ch Récollet friar, 139; sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caën, 182; his remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. Bib.: Works: Histoire du Canada; Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons.
Saguenay River. One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence. Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52° N. and long. 71° 10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. Index: Ch Explored by Champlain, 12. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
St. Andre. L Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.
St. Andrews. Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port. Index: W Grammar school at, 85. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
St. Augustine. WM Retreating army halts at, 218; Lévis hears news of surrender of Quebec at, 234. Hd Haldimand's headquarters for a time, 78-80.
St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de (1650-1712). Native of Béarn; came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salières Regiment, as an ensign in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles, and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia, established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which, however, was never acted on. Index: F His life in New France, 329; leads Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Charlevoix, History of New France.
St.-Cirque. WM Killed at Laprairie, 232.