The claim of the railroads that the rates on foodstuffs are not high enough to enter as a factor in fixing the selling price is fully substantiated by the statements of the dealers in such products. That is, the conditions are, with negligible exceptions, such that if the price obtainable in the markets be sufficient to encourage the growing of livestock, grains, dairy products, fruits or vegetables, the rate of freight, from whatever locality to whatever market, is sufficiently low to allow the producer to enter that market. His profits are, however, as a matter of course, diminished by the amount of freight which he pays, and, as a rule, the farther the place of production from the markets the greater is the freight charge. The differences in the net return to the producer are almost invariably reflected in the value of the land, which is lower as the distance from the markets is greater. Largely because of the defective system of mercantile distribution the grower of foodstuffs obtains a smaller proportion of the price paid by the consumer than accrues to the grower of any other agricultural product. Where, as in this country, the opportunity for the extension of cultivation is practically unlimited, a good market one season leads the farmers of any district to increase their production up to the point of minimum profit and the railroads are then besought for lower rates; when unfavorable weather or other conditions reduce their output they are also disgruntled. It therefore rarely happens that the grower, especially of the quickly perishable foodstuffs, is entirely satisfied with the freight rates.
A controversy, that it is scarcely an exaggeration to designate as typical, occurred several years ago between the growers of watermelons in a Southwestern State and the railroads conveying the melons to the primary markets. In comparatively a few years that region had become so productive that the shipments of watermelons over one road alone ranged from 1,400 to 1,800 cars during a watermelon season, deliveries being made all over Ohio and Indiana through dealers from those States who came down and bought the melons at the farms. The contention for lower rates had waxed so warm that a reduction in the watermelon rate became the issue upon which a legislative campaign was fought. The candidate pledged to secure a reduction in the rate was elected, and introduced a bill, which was enacted by the legislature, making the rate to the nearest primary market 7½ cents per 100 pounds. The railroad companies put this rate in effect and used it as a basis for the lowering of rates to the territory beyond. During the year of this rate reduction the traffic department of the railroad company referred to sent word to the farmers that the company had handled 1,500 cars of melons that season, the prompt shipment of which had been highly satisfactory to the growers. It furthermore said that the movement of these melons from that territory was a one-way traffic entirely, it being necessary to send special cars empty for the crop. These were necessarily stock cars that there might be ample ventilation, but they had to be supplied with extra slats in order that the melons might not fall out. It was necessary for them to be switched in requisite number on side tracks especially built adjoining the farms where the fruit was grown; that switching engines be kept at work, putting cars in and taking cars out all night and all day. The cars of melons, moreover, had to be hauled on special trains at a high rate of speed to get them to the markets before they spoiled. This reduced the tonnage per train fifteen or twenty per cent below the maximum that could be hauled at the normal freight train speed. A car with the average allowable load of 1,100 watermelons would contain but about twelve tons, although its capacity would be eighteen or twenty tons; the weight of the car exceeded the weight of the load. The switching and other special movements necessitated the employment of night telegraph operators and other extra help at the melon fields.
All of these conditions led the assistant to the general manager of the company to make an analysis of the expenditure as compared with the earnings. Waybills were abstracted and the receipts listed. A tabulation was made of the revenue tonnage, the gross tonnage, the tare weight, and the expenses incurred in behalf of the traffic. He found that the handling of the 1,500 cars of watermelons involved a loss to the company of $12,000 if the expenses of operation alone were considered.
The results of this investigation were brought to the attention of the traffic department and the next spring it sent a circular to the farmers in the truck region urging that the watermelon acreage be reduced, as the rates on that business were not remunerative, and stating that the railroad would not undertake to handle it except in the regular cars that were brought into the territory in the ordinary course of traffic; that there would be no special trains, nor special service of any character. The melon growers at once notified the State Railroad Commission, which, in turn, requested the railroad company and the melon growers to attend a meeting to discuss the whole subject. When the meeting convened the chairman called upon the railroads to say why they had caused so much trouble. The railroad representative, who was the aforesaid assistant to the general manager, stated that as he had been invited to attend the meeting it might be proper for whomsoever instigated it to open the discussion. Several shippers made statements of their complaints, all admitting, however, that the melon business had become very profitable,—one grower saying that $300 to $500 per car was being made out of a crop. The railroad representative then made a reply, showing the loss to the company from handling the business for the previous year, and stated that unless cost for the handling and something by way of profit could be obtained, the company would prefer to move other crops. He showed that it had been necessary to park 350 to 400 especially prepared stock cars in the melon territory; that it had taken a month or six weeks to gather these cars, which had to be hauled empty to the melon fields. He then pointed out that the rate per melon was less than a cent and a quarter, whereas it had cost the farmer four or five cents per melon to bring it by wagon the one or two or three miles to the railroad track. The chairman objected to some of the analyses, especially to the contrast of four or five cents per melon for the wagon haul from the farm with the cent or a cent and a half per melon for the railroad haul of two hundred miles. When the railroad man had finished, farmers from all over the room began to ask questions directly of him. They wanted to know how much they should pay to afford the railroad some slight profit. They were told 12 or 12½, cents. The chairman said: "The rate cannot be changed. It has been fixed by law at 7½ cents and that is the rate. I am here to protect the people of these counties." The railroad man suggested that his company might be willing in addition to affix the necessary slats to the stock cars and perform the switching for $5 to $6 per car. The farmers were willing to accept this, but the chairman insisted that it was contrary to law, and finally said in his wrath, "If you men here are going to deal with the railroad company you can do it without me. This meeting is adjourned."
With one exception the farmers remained in the hall and expressed a willingness to pay a rate of 12 cents per 100 pounds.
Returning to the main discussion, we have found that the rates on raw materials are so adjusted as to permit the manufacture of any staple article at any logical place of manufacture. On the raw material of wearing apparel the freight rate is entirely unimportant. On the lumber that enters into building material, on the ore, coke, and limestone used in the manufacture of iron and steel the freight rate is sufficient to become an appreciable factor in the cost of manufacture. On brick, coal and cement the selling price is the higher by the amount of the freight charge, which for distances sometimes not considerable exceeds the value of the commodity at the place of production. The freight charge, even on those heavier commodities, however, is far less in proportion to the wage of the day laborer as well as to the incomes and salaries received in the United States than in any other country. This is obviously a better test of comparison than that based upon rates of freight as expressed in money. To say that a specific rate is twenty cents in the United States, a shilling in Great Britain, a franc in France, or a mark in Germany, conveys an inadequate idea. When it is ascertained that the average wage of the day laborer in the United States is higher in comparison with the average rate of transportation than in any other country, the comparison is significant. In this country a continually increasing amount of railroad transportation can be purchased with the wage of the day laborer. With the sum of money representing the value of a given unit of any of the staple commodities of commerce, also can a continually increasing amount of railroad transportation be purchased.
That which makes possible the low freight rate of the American railroads is the magnitude of the scale upon which the transportation is conducted. The large cars, with a capacity of from thirty to fifty tons, and the powerful locomotives that draw a score or more of these loaded cars in one train, permit an almost infinitesimal freight charge per pound or per yard that, however, yields by the carload or by the trainload no inconsiderable revenue. For example, the average weight of the carload of food products is about 30,000 pounds. If the freight on such a carload be $300 the rate per pound would be only one cent, and there is scarcely a commodity upon which a freight rate of one cent per pound makes any difference in the retail price. As a matter of fact a carload of food products does not bring to the railroad so much revenue as $300 unless it has been moved from a far region; for instance, from the Dakotas or Texas to New York. Specific complaint in regard to the freight rates of the United States for many years has not, except in a small minority of cases, been based on the ground that they have prevented foodstuffs from finding a market, raw material from reaching places of manufacture, or finished products from distribution. While the difference of a cent or two in the rate of freight may not in the least interfere with the conduct of industry or commerce in the aggregate, such a slight difference, may perhaps determine whether a manufacturer obtain his raw material from this or that source of supply, whether a wholesale dealer obtain his stock from the manufacturer in one, or the manufacturer in another city, whether a retail dealer make his purchases from the wholesale dealer in this city or in that city. That is, for example, the prices of the products at the sources of supply being equal, a difference in the rate of freight may determine whether Cleveland, Ohio, obtain potatoes from Michigan or from upper New York; whether a factory in Louisville obtain coal from the fields of southern Indiana or central Kentucky. A carpenter in Des Moines may perhaps pay a dollar for twenty pounds of nails without knowing or caring what the freight rate may have been, or where they may have come from. A difference, however, of a few cents a hundred pounds in the rate of freight may have led the hardware dealer to have purchased the nails in Chicago or St. Louis or even directly from Pittsburg.
As the purchase of raw material tends toward the prosperity of the region where it is produced, as the operation of a factory tends to the increase of population, to appreciation in the value of real estate and the augmentation of business at the place of its location, so also does the growth of a wholesale business or of a retail business aid in the development of its surroundings. Producers, manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers naturally all desire to extend their sales, to reach further markets in competition with their rivals, and are supported in this desire by the communities to whose welfare they contribute. Any difference in freight rates that gives a producer of raw material, a manufacturer, a wholesale distributer, or a retail merchant an advantage over a competitor of another locality is therefore promptly made the subject of complaint.
The pressure brought upon the railroads by such competing producers, manufacturers and dealers has been a very important factor in the development of certain arrangements of freight rates, which we shall term the Regional Rate Structures, each of which has grown out of the various characteristics of a traffic region and has become adapted to those characteristics.