| WOODCUTS IN THE LETTERPRESS. | ||
| 74. | Old Scotch plough, and Caschroim, or crooked spade, | [9] |
| 75. | Quern, ancient Highland, | [18] |
| 76. | A Cottage in Islay in 1774, | [25] |
| 77. | Music, ancient Scottish, scale, | [106] |
| 78. | Macdonald coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [136] |
| 79. | Clanranald ””” | [153] |
| 80. | Macdonnell of Glengarry ”” | [156] |
| 81. | Macdougall ”” | [159] |
| 82. | Macneill ”” | [162] |
| 83. | Maclachlan ”” | [165] |
| 84. | Lamond ”” | [168] |
| 85. | Robertson ”” | [169] |
| 86. | Macfarlane ”” | [173] |
| 87. | Argyll Campbell ”” | [175] |
| 88. | Breadalbane Campbell ”” | [186] |
| 89. | Macleod ”” | [191] |
| 90. | Mackintosh ”” | [201] |
| 91. | “Mackintosh’s Lament,” bagpipe music, | [204] |
| 92. | Dalcross Castle, | [209] |
| 93. | Macpherson coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [210] |
| 94. | James Macpherson, editor of the Ossianic poetry, | [211] |
| 95. | Farquharson coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [215] |
| 96. | Cameron ””” | [217] |
| 97. | Maclean ””” | [223] |
| 98. | Sir Allan Maclean, | [227] |
| 99. | Macnaughton coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [229] |
| 100. | Munro of Foulis ””” | [231] |
| 101. | Ross ””” | [235] |
| 102. | Mackenzie ””” | [238] |
| 103. | Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, | [240] |
| 104. | Macgregor coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [243] |
| 105. | Rob Roy, | [245] |
| 106. | Grant coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [250] |
| 107. | Castle Grant, | [254] |
| 108. | Mackinnon coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [256] |
| 109. | Macnab ””” | [258] |
| 110. | The last Laird of Macnab, | [261] |
| 111. | Macquarrie coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [262] |
| 112. | Mackay ””” | [266] |
| 113. | Sutherland ””” | [272] |
| 114. | Dunrobin Castle, | [277] |
| 115. | Gunn coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [278] |
| 116. | Maclaurin (or Maclaren) ”” | [279] |
| 117. | Macrae ”” | [280] |
| 118. | Buchanan ”” | [281] |
| 119. | Colquhoun ”” | [284] |
| 120. | Old Rossdhu Castle, | [289] |
| 121. | Forbes coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [290] |
| 122. | Craigievar Castle, | [294] |
| 123. | Urquhart coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [296] |
| 124. | Lorn ””” | [299] |
| 125. | Fraser ””” | [302] |
| 126. | Bishop Fraser’s Seal, | [302] |
| 127. | Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth, | [303] |
| 128. | Menzies coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [306] |
| 129. | Chisholm ””” | [307] |
| 130. | Erchless Castle (seat of “the Chisholm”), | [308] |
| 131. | Stewart Murray (Athole) coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [309] |
| 132. | Blair Castle, as restored in 1872, | [312] |
| 133. | Drummond coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [313] |
| 134. | Graham ””” | [314] |
| 135. | Gordon ””” | [316] |
| 136. | Gordon Castle, | [318] |
| 137. | Cumming coat of arms, crest, and motto, | [318] |
| 138. | Ogilvy ””” | [319] |
| 139. | Crest and motto of 42nd Royal Highlanders, | [324] |
| 140. | Farquhar Shaw of the “Black Watch” (1743), | [330] |
| 141. | Plan of the Siege of Ticonderoga (1758), | [338] |
| 142. | British Barracks, Philadelphia, in 1764, | [354] |
| 143. | Sir Ralph Abercromby in Egypt, Portrait, | [372] |
| 144. | } Regimental Medal of the 42nd Royal Highlanders, | |
| 145. | } issued in 1819, | [374] |
| 146. | Medal to the officers of the 42nd Royal Highlanders for services in Egypt, | [374] |
| 147. | Colonel (afterwards Major-General Sir) Robert Henry Dick, | [396] |
| 148. | Vase presented to 42nd Royal Highlanders by the Highland Society of London, | [400] |
| 149. | Col. Johnstone’s (42nd) Cephalonian medal, | [407] |
| 150. | “Highland Pibroch,” bagpipe music, | [446] |
| 151. | View of Philadelphia, U.S., as in 1763, | [455] |
| 152. | Sir David Baird, | [482] |
| 153. | Monument in Glasgow Cathedral to Colonel the Hon. Henry Cadogan (71st), | [498] |
| 154. | Major-General Sir Denis Pack, K.C.B., | [504] |
| 155. | Monument erected by the 71st Highlanders in Glasgow Cathedral, | [517] |
| 156. | Crest of the 72nd, Seaforth Highlanders, | [524] |
| 157. | General James Stuart, | [530] |
| 158. | “Cabar Feidh,” bagpipe music, | [533] |
| 159. | Major-General William Parke, C.B., | [557] |
| 160. | Map of Kaffraria, | [564] |
| 161. | Crest of the 74th Highlanders, | [571] |
| 162. | Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, Bart., K.C.B. (74th), | [572] |
| 163. | Plan of Assaye, 23rd Sept. 1803, | [574] |
| 164. | Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Sir Robert Le Poer Trench (74th), | [583] |
| 165. | Medal conferred on the non-commissioned officers and men of the 74th for meritorious conduct during the Peninsular campaign, | [591] |
| 166. | Waterkloof, scene of the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Fordyce (74th), | [598] |
| 167. | Crest of the 78th Highlanders, | [617] |
| 168. | Facsimile of a poster issued by Lord Seaforth in Ross and Cromarty in raising the Ross-shire Buffs (78th), | [618] |
| 169. | Plan of the Battle of Assaye, | [631] |
| 170. | Major-General Alexander Mackenzie-Fraser, | [642] |
| 171. | Colonel Patrick Macleod of Geanies (78th), | [650] |
| 172. | Major-General Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B., | [664] |
| 173. | Suttee Chowra Ghât, scene of the second Cawnpoor Massacre, 15th July 1857, | [668] |
| 174. | Plan of the action near Cawnpoor, 16th July 1857, | [669] |
| 175. | Map of the scene of Havelock’s operations in July and August, 1857, | [671] |
| 176. | Mausoleum over the Well of the Massacre at Cawnpoor, | [672] |
| 177. | Plan of the operations for the relief of Lucknow in September and November, 1857, | [677] |
| 178. | Monument to the memory of the 78th Highlanders, erected on Castle Esplanade, Edinburgh, | [689] |
| 179. | Centre Piece of Plate presented by the counties of Ross and Cromarty to the 78th, Ross-shire Buffs, | [691] |
| 180. | Crest of the 79th Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders, | [697] |
| 181. | Major-General Sir John Douglas, K.C.B., | [711] |
| 182. | Richard James Mackenzie, M.D., F.R.C.S., | [715] |
| 183. | Lieutenant-Colonel W. C. Hodgson (79th), | [719] |
| 184. | Monument erected in 1857 in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, in memory of the 79th who fell in action during the campaign of 1854–55, | [722] |
| 185. | Crest of the 91st Princess Louise Argyllshire Highlanders, | [726] |
| 186. | The 91st crossing the Tyumie or Chumie River, | [737] |
| 187. | Brass Tablet erected in 1873 in Chelsea Hospital to the memory of Colonel Edward W. C. Wright, C.B. (91st), | [742] |
| 188. | Lieutenant-Colonel Bertie Gordon (91st), | [744] |
| 189. | Major-General John F. G. Campbell (91st), | [746] |
| 190. | Biscuit-Box presented by the men of the 91st Princess Louise Argyllshire Highlanders to the Princess Louise on the occasion of her marriage, | [752] |
| 191. | Crest of the 92nd Gordon Highlanders, | [756] |
| 192. | General Sir John Moore, | [758] |
| 193. | Coat of Arms of Col. John Cameron (92nd), | [762] |
| 194. | Colonel John Cameron (92nd), | [764] |
| 195. | Sir John Macdonald, K.C.B., of Dalchosnie, | [768] |
| 196. | Major-General Archibald Inglis Lockhart, C.B. (92nd), | [770] |
| 197. | Badge of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, | [777] |
| 198. | Sir Duncan M’Gregor, K.C.B., | [782] |
| 199. | The Hon. Adrian Hope (93rd), | [788] |
| 200. | The Secunder Bagh, | [791] |
| 201. | Lieutenant-Colonel Wm. M’Bean, V.C. (93rd), | [800] |
| 202. | Centre Piece of Plate, belonging to the Officers’ Mess of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, | [801] |
| 203. | Map of Ashantee Country and Gold Coast, | [803] |
| 204. | Sir Garnet J. Wolseley, K.C.M.G., C.B., | [804] |
| 205. | Sir John C. M’Leod, K.C.B. (42nd), | [805] |
PART FIRST—Continued.
GENERAL HISTORY OF THE HIGHLANDS.
[CHAPTER XLII.]
Social condition of the Highlands—Black Mail—Watch Money—The Law—Power of the Chiefs—Land Distribution—Tacksmen—Tenants—Rents—Thirlage—Wretched State of Agriculture—Agricultural Implements—The Caschroim—The Reestle—Methods of Transportation—Drawbacks to Cultivation—Management of Crops—Farm Work—Live Stock—Garrons—Sheep—Black Cattle—Arable Land—Pasturage—Farm Servants—The Bailte Geamhre—Davoch-lands—Milk—Cattle Drovers—Harvest Work—The Quern—Fuel—Food—Social Life in Former Days—Education—Dwellings—Habits—Gartmore Papers—Wages—Roads—Present State of Highlands.
As we have already (see ch. xviii.) given a somewhat minute description of the clan-system, it is unnecessary to enter again in detail upon that subject here. We have, perhaps, in the chapter referred to, given the most brilliant side of the picture, still the reader may gather, from what is said there, some notion of what had to be done, what immense barriers had to be overcome, ere the Highlander could be modernised. Any further details on this point will be learned from the Introduction to the History of the Clans.
As might have been expected, for some time after the allaying of the rebellion, and the passing of the various measures already referred to, the Highlands, especially those parts which bordered on the Lowlands, were to a certain extent infested by what were known as cattle-lifters—Anglicé, cattle-stealers. Those who took part in such expeditions were generally “broken” men, or men who belonged to no particular clan, owned no chief, and who were regarded generally as outlaws. In a paper said to have been written in 1747, a very gloomy and lamentable picture of the state of the country in this respect is given, although we suspect it refers rather to the period preceding the rebellion than to that succeeding it. However, we shall quote what the writer says on the matter in question, in order to give the reader an idea of the nature and extent of this system of pillage or “requisition:”—
“Although the poverty of the people principally produces these practices so ruinous to society, yet the nature of the country, which is thinnely inhabitate, by reason of the extensive moors and mountains, and which is so well fitted for conceallments by the many glens, dens, and cavitys in it, does not a little contribute. In such a country cattle are privately transported from one place to another, and securely hid, and in such a country it is not easy to get informations, nor to apprehend the criminalls. People lye so open to their resentment, either for giving intelligence, or prosecuting them, that they decline either, rather than risk their cattle being stoln, or their houses burnt. And then, in the pursuit of a rogue, though he was almost in hands, the grounds are so hilly and unequall, and so much covered with wood or brush, and so full of dens and hollows, that the sight of him is almost as soon lost as he is discovered.