Among other gaseous nebulæ may be mentioned that called by Sir John Herschel the “dumb-bell” nebula. It lies a little south of the sixth magnitude star 14 Vulpeculæ, and was discovered by Messier in 1779, while observing Bode’s comet of that year. In small telescopes it has the appearance of a dumb-bell, or hour-glass, but in larger telescopes the outline is filled in with fainter nebulous light, giving to the whole an elliptical form. Several faint stars have been seen in it, but these probably belong to the Milky Way, as Dr. Huggins finds the spectrum gaseous. Dr. Roberts has photographed it, and he thinks that “the nebula is probably a globular mass of nebular matter which is undergoing the process of condensation into stars, and the faint protrusions of nebulosity in the south following and north preceding ends are the projections of a broad ring of nebulosity which surrounds the globular mass. This ring, not being sufficiently dense to obscure the light of the central region of the globular mass, is dense enough to obscure those parts of it that are hidden by the increased thickness of the nebulosity, thus producing the ‘dumb-bell’ appearance. If these inferences are true, we may proceed yet a step, or a series of steps, further, and predict that the consummation of the life-history of this nebula will be its reduction to a globular cluster of stars.”
Among the gaseous nebulæ may also be included those known as “annular nebulæ.” These are very rare objects, only a few being known in the whole heavens. The most remarkable is that known as 57 Messier, which lies between the stars Beta and Gamma Lyræ, south of the bright star Vega. It was discovered by Darquier, at Toulouse, in 1779, while following Bode’s comet of that year. Lord Rosse thought it resolvable into stars, and so did Chacornac and Secchi, but no stars are perceptible with the great American telescopes, and Dr. Huggins finds it to be gaseous. The central portion is not absolutely dark, but contains some faint nebulous light. Examined with the great telescope of the Lick Observatory, Professor Barnard finds that the opening of the ring is filled in with fainter light “about midway in brightness between the brightness of the ring and the darkness of the adjacent sky. The aperture was more nearly circular than the outer boundary of the nebula, so that the ends of the ring were thicker than the sides.” The entire nebula was of a milky color. A central star, noticed by some observers, was usually seen by Professor Barnard, but was never a conspicuous object. He found the extreme dimensions of the nebula about 81″ in length by about 59″ in width, or more than double the apparent area of Jupiter’s disk. It has been beautifully photographed by Dr. Roberts, and he says “the photograph shows the nebula and the interior of the ring more elliptical than the drawings and descriptions indicate; and the star of the following side is nearer to the ring than the distance given. The nebulosity on the preceding and following ends of the ring protrudes a little, and is less dense than on the north and south sides. This probably suggested the filamentous appearance which Lord Rosse shows. Some photographs of the nebula have been taken between 1887 and 1891, and the central star is strongly shown on some of them, but on others it is scarcely visible, which points to the star being variable.” On a photograph taken by MM. Androyer and Montaugerand of the Toulouse Observatory, with an exposure of nine hours (in multiple exposures), about 4,800 stars are visible on and near the nebula in an area of three square degrees.
Another object of the annular class will be found a little to the southwest of the star Lambda Scorpii. It is thus described by Sir John Herschel: “A delicate, extremely faint, but perfectly well defined, annulus. The field crowded with stars, two of which are on the nebula. A beautiful, delicate ring of a faint, ghost-like appearance, about 40″ in diameter in a field of about 150 stars, eleven and twelve magnitude and under.”
Near the stars 44 and 51 Ophiuchi is another object of the annular class, which Sir John Herschel describes as “exactly round, pretty faint, 12″ diameter, well terminated, but a little cottony at the edge, and with a decided darkness in the middle, equal to a tenth magnitude star at the most. Few stars in the field, a beautiful specimen of the planetary annular class of nebula.”
The Planetary Nebulæ form an interesting class. They were so named by Sir William Herschel from their resemblance to the disks of the planets, but, of course, much fainter. They are generally of uniform brightness, without any nucleus or brighter part in the centre. There are numerous examples of this class, one of the most remarkable being that known as 97 Messier, which is situated about two degrees southeast of Beta Ursæ Majoris—the southern of the two “pointers” in the Plow. It is of considerable apparent size, and even supposing its distance to be not greater than that of 61 Cygni, its real dimensions must be enormous. Lord Rosse observed two openings in the centre with a star in each opening, and from this appearance he called it the “owl nebula.” One of the stars seems to have disappeared since 1850, and a photograph recently taken by Dr. Roberts confirms the disappearance.
Another fine object of the planetary class is one which lies close to the pole of the ecliptic. Webb saw it “like a considerable star out of focus.” Smyth found it pale blue in color. Dr. Huggins finds a gaseous spectrum, the first discovery of the kind made. Professor Holden, observing it with the great Lick telescope, finds its structure extraordinary. He says it “is apparently composed of rings overlying each other, and it is difficult to resist the conviction that these are arranged in space in the form of a true helix,” and he ranks it in a new class which he calls “helical nebulæ.”
A somewhat similar nebula lies a little to the west of the star Nu Aquarii. Secchi believed it to be in reality a cluster of small stars, but Dr. Huggins finds its spectrum gaseous. A small nebula on each side gives it an appearance somewhat similar to the planet Saturn, with the rings seen edgewise. The great Lick telescope shows it as a wonderful object—“a central ring lies upon an oval of much fainter nebulosity.” Professor Holden says “the color is a pale blue,” and he compares the appearance of the central ring “to that of a footprint left in the wet sand on a sea beach.”
About two degrees south of the star Mu Hydræ is another planetary nebula, which Smyth describes as resembling the planet Jupiter in “size, equable light and color.” Webb saw it of “a steady, pale blue light,” and Sir John Herschel, at the Cape of Good Hope, speaks of its color as “a decided blue—at all events, a good sky-blue,” a color which seems characteristic of these curious objects. Although Sir William Herschel, with his large telescopes, failed to resolve it into stars, Secchi thought he saw it breaking up into stars with a “sparkling ring.” Dr. Huggins, however, finds the spectrum to be gaseous, so that the luminous points seen by Secchi could not have been stellar.
Sir John Herschel, in his Cape Observations, describes a planetary nebula which lies between the stars Pi Centauri and Delta Crucis. He says it is “perfectly round, very planetary, color fine blue ... very like Uranus, only about half as large again, and blue.... It is of the most decided independent blue color when in the field by itself, and with no lamplight and no bright star. About 10′ north of it is an orange-colored star, eighth magnitude. When this is brought into view, the blue color of the nebula becomes intense ... color, a beautiful rich blue, between Prussian blue and verditer green.”