Another remarkably rapid binary star is 85 Pegasi. Next in order of rapidity of motion we have the southern binary star 9 Argûs.
The star 42 Comæ Berenices has a period of about 25¾ years, according to Otto Struve. The orbit is remarkable from the fact that its plane passes through, or nearly through, the earth, and is, therefore, projected into a straight line, the companion star oscillating backward and forward on each side of its primary.
The star Beta Delphini—the most southern of the four stars in the “Dolphin’s Rhomb”—is also a fast-moving binary, discovered by Burnham in 1873. Burnham thinks the period will prove to be about twenty-eight years. The spectrum of the light of Beta Delphini is similar to that of our sun, so that the two bodies should be comparable in intrinsic brilliancy.
Another remarkable binary star with a comparatively short period is Zeta Herculis. This pair have now performed three complete revolutions since their discovery in 1782 by Sir William Herschel. Several orbits have been computed, but Dr. See’s period of thirty-five years is probably the best. The companion is, however, rather faint, being only 6½ magnitude, while the primary star is of the third.
In the case of the binary star, Eta Coronæ Borealis, it was, some forty years ago, uncertain whether its period was forty-three or sixty-six years, but now that two complete revolutions have been performed since its discovery by Sir William Herschel in 1781, the question has been finally decided in favor of the shorter period.
The brilliant star Sirius is also an interesting binary star. The companion, which is relatively very faint—about tenth magnitude—was discovered by Alvan Clark in 1862. The existence of some such disturbing body was previously suspected by astronomers, owing to observed irregularities in the proper motion of Sirius. Several orbits, giving periods of about fifty years, have been computed. The great brilliancy of Sirius, the brightest star in the heavens, naturally suggests a sun of great size. Recent investigations do not favor this idea. Its spectrum is, however, of the first type, and the star is therefore not comparable with the sun in brilliancy. The above result would indicate that stars of the first, or Sirian type, are intrinsically brighter than our sun.
Sirius is about eleven magnitudes brighter than its faint companion. This makes the light of Sirius about 25,000 times the light of the small star. The two bodies must, therefore, be differently constituted, and, indeed, the companion must be nearly a dark body. If Sirius has any planets revolving round it—like those of our solar system—they must forever remain invisible in our largest telescopes. This remark, of course, applies to all the fixed stars, single and double. They may possibly have attendant families of planets, like our sun, but if so, the fact can never be ascertained by direct observation.
The star Zeta Cancri is a well-known triple star, the close pair revolving in a period of about sixty years. Nearly two revolutions have now been completed since its discovery by Sir William Herschel in 1781. All three stars probably form a connected system, but the motion of the third star round the binary pair is very slow and irregular.
Fig. 18.—System of the Double Sun Alpha Centauri