Fixed Telescopes.—There is still another method of using a telescope. The telescope itself may be fixed, and the light of the heavenly bodies may be reflected into it by means of a mirror which is made to revolve so as to keep pace with their movements. Foucault devised an instrument called the siderostat for this purpose, and although it is not largely employed for telescopic observations, it is very widely utilized for spectroscopic work, where the spectroscope is of a kind not readily attached to a telescope.
Another instrument used for the same purpose has recently been brought forward under the name of the cœlostat. This is simply a mirror which is made to turn on a polar axis in its own plane, and since a reflected ray of light moves through twice the angle that the reflecting surface turns through, the mirror is made to revolve at the rate of one revolution in two days. As the name indicates, the whole heavens appear stationary in such an instrument, whereas in a siderostat only one star at a time appears at rest, while its neighbors slowly revolve round it.
Photographic Telescopes.—The application of photography to the study of the heavenly bodies marks one of the greatest advances of the present century. The instruments which are employed for this purpose range from the ordinary tourist camera to the largest telescope. Unlike a person sitting for a portrait, the heavenly bodies can not be made to stand still for the purpose, and as instantaneous photographs can only be obtained in the case of the sun and moon, it is usually necessary to make the camera follow the stars very exactly during the time of exposure in order that the images may fall on precisely the same parts of the photographic plate.
Some guiding arrangement is, therefore, essential, and generally the photographic camera or telescope is attached to an ordinary equatorial which is driven by clockwork, or very carefully by hand if the camera be a small one. In the guiding telescope are two spider-threads at right angles to each other, and it is by constantly keeping the image of a star at the intersection of these “wires” that the operator ensures the images remaining in a constant position upon the sensitive plate.
An ordinary portrait camera, in the hands of a skilled observer, yields very beautiful pictures, but they are naturally on a small scale. The field of view of such an instrument is so large that a whole constellation may be photographed with a single exposure.
Portrait lenses of six inches aperture in the hands of Dr. Max Wolf and Professor Barnard have given magnificent delineations of the Milky Way, and of the extremely faint nebulosities which are to be found in many parts of the heavens.
For many purposes, however, telescopes of greater power are required, and here it may be remarked that the distance between the images of any two adjacent stars will vary in direct proportion to the focal length of the telescope. In the same way the size of the image of a planet, the moon, or a comet, increases as the focal length of the objective is increased.
Refracting telescopes which are employed for photography require object-glasses which are specially “corrected” for the photographic rays. White light is compounded of light of all colors, but it is the blue and violet constituents which are effective in producing photographic action on an ordinary sensitive plate. Now, an object-glass which is intended for visual purposes is made to focus at the same point as many as possible of the rays which are most effective to the human eye, that is the green, yellow, and red, and usually there is a blue or purple halo round the images of the brighter objects, which is, however, too feeble as a rule to interfere with visual observations. This blue halo will evidently result in defective definition if the lens be employed for photography. By putting the plate at the point where the blue rays are most nearly focused, a better image is obtained; but for really good work a photographic object-glass must be so designed that all the blue and violet rays are brought to one and the same focus. Such a lens will consequently be a very poor one for visual observations.
The new “photo telescopic” object-glass now manufactured by Messrs. Cooke appears to be full of promise. In this lens all the colors of the spectrum are brought to almost exactly the same focal point, so that it serves equally well for photographic or visual purposes.
This difficulty in regard to achromatism does not exist in the case of the reflecting telescope, since rays of light of every color are reflected at precisely the same angles. For this reason reflectors, when properly managed, give the best photographic results. Dr. Isaac Roberts and Dr. Common are especially identified with the application of the reflecting telescope for celestial photography. The instrument employed by the former consists of a 20-inch reflector and a 7-inch guiding telescope of the refracting form. The two telescopes are mounted on the extreme ends of the declination axis of an equatorial.