Panum, P. L. B. 1820. Prof. Physiol. and Direct. Physiol. Lab. Copenhagen, 1863; formerly Direct. Phys. Lab. at Kiel.
Author of “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Veränderungen der Mengenverhältnisse des Blutes und seine Bestandtheile durch die Inanition,” Virchow’s Archiv., 1861; “Haandbog i Menneskels Physiologie,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der Misbildungen zunächst in den Eiern der Vögel,” Kiel, 1860.
Has principally experimented on transfusion, feeding, and starvation. Has starved dogs four weeks till death occurred. A whelp was bled till death convulsions set in and then revived by transfusion; then again bled till even reflex movements could no longer be excited by touching the cornea, and again revived by transfusion. This was repeated four times; but the dog died half an hour after the last transfusion.—Scandinavian Med. Archives, 1875.
“On a dog of middle size I opened the trachea and inserted into it a glass tube.… Then I dissected out and isolated the nervi vagi; the animal was laid on its back and the thorax opened by cutting through the cartilage of the ribs and entirely removing the sternum. The pericardium was now opened … and artificial respiration introduced. Partly through the suffocation and partly through pain and terror, the movements of the heart grew very slow, small, and irregular … but after the artificial respiration had commenced, they got more vigorous.… Five minutes after I cut asunder both nervi vagi, at which operation the animal uttered no sign of pain. A minute after the movements of the heart were so greatly accelerated that it became difficult to count them.… It struck us that the heart seemed to have grown smaller than before we cut asunder the nervi vagi.… Then I stimulated (irritated) the peripheric ends of the cut nervi vagi with Neif’s electric apparatus. Almost immediately the heart stood still in diastole.… The movements of the heart recommenced and grew more rapid and vigorous than ever, but this soon passed away. The ends of the nervi vagi were for a second time stimulated … and this proceeding was repeated six times, always with the same result.… The pain, which otherwise results from the nervi vagi being cut asunder, was eliminated, because the far greater pain, occasioned by the opening of the thorax, had, as every very painful operation will do, diminished the sensitiveness of the animal so much that it gave no evidence of pain at the cutting asunder of the nervi vagi. Without introducing artificial respiration at the opening of the thorax, I have repeated this experiment scores of times, and always with the same result.”—Panum, Scand. Medical Bibl., 1857.
“26th Ex.: I had opened the thorax of a dog and kept its life up by artificial respiration, having also cut the nervi vagi. Everything had gone as we desired. The heart worked vigorously and regularly, and the animal had full consciousness and sensitiveness. On applying the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its regular movements ceased immediately.”—Ibid., p. 134.
Prof. Panum states that he has “employed” a great number of animals in experiments of transfusion and injections of putrid humours. For experiments on death by embolism he has employed some eighty dogs and rabbits.—“Experimental Observations,” Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. XXIX., 1864.
Pasteur, Louis. B. at Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied at Besançon; M.D., 1847; Prof. Physics, Lyceum, Dijon, 1848; Prof. Strasburg, 1852; Dean Fac. Sciences, Lille, 1854; Scien. Dir. Norm. Sch., Paris, 1857-1867; Prof. Geol. Physics and Chem. École des Beaux Arts, 1863; Prof. Chem. Sorbonne, 1867; Mem. Acad. Sci., 1862; Direct. Lab. of Chem. Research, Fac. Sci., Paris; Med. (2) Roy. Soc. of Gt. Brit.; received Prize of 10,000 fls. from Austria, and another of 12,000 frs., and a State annuity for his works on silk-worms, beer, wines and vinegar.
Author of “Nouvel exemple de fermentation déterminé par des animalcules infusoires, pouvant vivre sans oxygène libre,” 1863; “Études sur le vin, ses maladies, causes qui les provoquent, etc.,” 1866; “Études sur le vinaigre, ses maladies, moyens de les prévenir, etc.,” 1868; “Études sur la maladie des vers à soie,” 1870; “Études sur la bière,” 1878; “Les Microbes,” 1878, jointly with M. Tyndall, etc. Contrib. paper on “The attenuation of the virus of rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884.
“M. Vulpian injected under the skin of rabbits saliva collected at the very moment of the experiment, from perfectly healthy individuals, and this injection killed the rabbit so inoculated in forty-eight hours. The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled with microscopic organisms; among which was a special organism discovered by M. Pasteur in the course of his experiments with inoculation of the saliva of a child who had died of rabies. One drop of this blood, diluted in ten grammes of distilled water, and injected under the skin of other rabbits, also brought on the death of these animals; the blood of which was similarly filled with microscopic organisms. These singular results, of which the interpretation is by no means easy, present also the no less singular peculiarity of not being stable. Rabbits placed in identical conditions, and inoculated with the same saliva, experienced no ill effects from their inoculation, and continued in excellent health. It would therefore appear that experimental microbiology is not yet on the way to become either an easy or clear science, notwithstanding M. Pasteur’s fiat lux.”—Brit. Med. Journ., April 9, 1881, p. 571.
“The question of spontaneous generation I will not attempt to treat here as it would require special discussion. The experiments of M. Pasteur have only shown that under the experimental conditions with which he surrounded himself, conditions which were far from natural, he did not detect any spontaneous organisation of matter. Moreover, all those who have devoted themselves to science, with the sole aim of seeking the truth, as G. Bernard, Huxley, Häckel, etc., while admitting that M. Pasteur’s experiments had been properly conducted within the very narrow circle they occupied, have unanimously rejected the assertions and generalisations drawn from them by that savant himself.”—Dr. Jousset de Bellesme, Progrès Médical, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340.