Bichat, Marie François Xavier. B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied at Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of Desault, whose works he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished surgery to devote himself entirely to physiology. Physician to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he experimented with various drugs.
Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes en particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques sur la vie et la mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée à la Physiologie et à la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” Paris, 1802-1803, 5 vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, 5th Vol. by Roux.
“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.
“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living animals, which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with a turn-cock is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an artery is subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration is allowed free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The blood which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; it becomes analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is again opened, the blood once more takes a bright hue.”—Ibid., p. 336.
Bidder, Alfred Von. M.D. Berlin.
Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint author with M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,” 1852; Contrib. to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1867.
Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.
Billroth, Theodor. B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, Berlin, and Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, Zurich, 1860; Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.
Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen und speciellen Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und Lernen der Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” Vienna, 1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung der Blutgefässe, nebst Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c.
Binz, Carl. Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; studied Med. at Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 (Bonn); Private Prof. of Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; Prof. extraordinary and founder of Institute of Pharmacology University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, 1873. Staff-Surgeon during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.