“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries to the posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of the nervous centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of the body behind the place injured.… Before the operation in rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the least pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the various parts of the body which receive their nerves from the part of the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has been so in all the animals I have operated upon, and I have already made this experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty species. As long as the animals live after the section of the posterior columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases where re-union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation than it is after a month or many months.”—Brown-Séquard, “Lancet” 1,823 and 1,819.
M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers giving details of his Experiments.
Bruns, Paul Victor. B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, 1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.
Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen, 1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1870.
Brunton, Thomas Lauder, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. Soc., London; Mem. (late Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin., and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.
Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” “Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” Ibid.; “The Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of “Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,” Lancet, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.
“The number of animals required in experiments for research varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—Dig. Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876, pp. 38-9.
“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.
Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year.
Budge, Julius (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.