“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I bored out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the ear labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by this operation is very considerable. In those cases where I endeavoured to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon after the operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. For this reason I afterwards contented myself with breaking out pieces of the superficial canals. Many of the thus injured birds I have kept alive a long time, and especially two which I had operated upon half a year ago, and which I exhibited at the Congress of Naturalists at Innspruck on 21st September, 1869.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., pp. 177-78.
“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion of the cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right carotid artery is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration is being set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of the chest with a knife and the bone scissors. The opening is extended far into the right pleural cavity, and widened downwards till it reaches the diaphragm which is severed from the ribs. It is best to make the opening in the chest large enough to avoid any pressure on the heart from the lungs or other neighbouring parts. The pericardium is opened wide so that the greatest possible surface of the heart may be exposed to the action of the atmospheric air. After this sanguinary preparation the catheter is introduced from the right carotis into the aorta, and from thence to the left ventricle of the heart. As soon as it has reached this point (which fact can be ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper (of the instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is immediately checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously set manometer on this conducting catheter. Now begins the observation which richly repays the tedious and bloody preparation. The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising rapidity.… We have repeated this experiment six times.”—“Ueber die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVII., p. 113.
Gombault (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path. Anat. Practical Courses.
Greenfield, William Smith, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Prof. of Gen. Path. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; late Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s Hosp.; Prof. Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys. Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and Wom., Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest, and Med. Regist. St. Thomas’s Hosp.
Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied Diseases” (for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib. “Lectures on the Pathology of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and Clin. Socs. and elsewhere.
Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments returned in 1881.
Gréhant, Louis François Nestor, 17, Rue de Berthollet, Paris. B. at Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator at the Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris; préparateur of the Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci.
Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la détermination de la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé, avec les couleurs caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862; “Recherches physiques sur la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864; “Manuel de physique médicale,” Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des gaz à travers les poumous détachés,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur l’activité physiologique des reins,” Ibid., 1879; “Recherches quantitatives sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde de carbone,” Ibid.; “Recherches comparatives sur l’exhalation de l’acide carbonique par les poumons,” Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Influence de la section des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide carbonique par les poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.
“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to the Biological Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be necessary to produce fatal effect. With this view he performed a series of experiments, the results of which were always identical. By means of an œsophagal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected into the stomach of a dog thirty grammes of alcohol every half hour until the animal died. At the post-mortem examination, he found that the blood of the animal contained a proportion of one part of absolute alcohol to 100 parts of blood.”—Lancet, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.