“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals the cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent the discharge of water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave disorders are set up little by little, terminating in death. In order thus to suppress the functions of the skin, it is advisable to lay bare, by means of shaving closely, the whole of the skin of a dog, sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the exposed surface with a thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb at the expiration of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve hours. After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has brought on slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, the asphyxia is rapid.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495.
Béclard, Pierre Augustin. B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant to M. Roux, 1809; Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., 1818; Mem. Acad. of Med., 1820.
Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.
Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” Paris, 1821; “Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité Élémentaire de Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; Part II., 1884.
Bégin, Louis Jaques. B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. Physiol., Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, 1823; Prof. Anat., Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; Pres. Acad. of Med., Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous foreign learned societies.
Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; contributed Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.”
Behrend, F. Student, Berlin.
Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect of uva ursi leaves and arbutin.—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol.. 92, Pt. III.
Bell, Sir Charles. B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. Roy. Infirm., Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., 1812; Sen. Prof. Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., 1824; Lect. Physiol., Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831.
Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, 1793 (by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A System of Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” London, 1824; “The Nervous System of the Human Body,” London, 1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments,” London, 1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical Transactions,” “Institute of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the following:—