Doubled Pawn.—Two Pawns of the same colour standing on the same file are said to be “doubled.” Generally, but not always, this is a weak position for the Pawns to occupy, as one cannot support the other.
Doubled Rooks.—When two Rooks of the same colour occupy the same file, or the same rank with no man of their own colour intervening they are said to be “doubled.” This is one of the strongest positions the Rooks can occupy.
End Game.—See “Game” later on.
En Passant.—A French term, meaning “in passing,” and applied to a peculiar capture of P by P, which I have fully described previously.
En Prise.—A French term signifying “exposed,” or in danger of capture. In chess a piece or Pawn is said to be en prise when it is attacked by an enemy’s piece and not sufficiently guarded. We do not say, however, that the K is en prise when attacked, but in check, as already explained.
Establish.—To establish a piece or Pawn is to place it in such a position that it cannot be dislodged by the enemy’s pieces, except at a loss. To establish a centre of Pawns is to occupy the centre squares of the board with Pawns, which mutually strengthen and support each other.
Exchange.—The winning of one piece by the losing of another.
Exchange, To Win The.—The winning of a superior piece by losing an inferior one. Especially used when a Rook is won at the expense of a B or Kt. The player on winning the R is said to have “won the exchange”; the player losing the R is said to have “lost the exchange.”
IX
File.—Each line of squares stretching from one player’s side of the board to the other is termed a “file,” and appears perpendicular in printed diagrams. Each file is named from the piece which originally stood on its outermost square, as the King’s file, the Queen’s file, the K R’s file, and so on. The lines of squares stretching horizontally across the board are termed “ranks.”