[28] The rule of the caliphs in Morocco, which had never been firmly established, had already, in 740, given place to that of independent princes (see MOROCCO, History).
[29] This Hāshimīya near Kufa is not to be confused with that founded by Abu‘l-Abbas near Anbar.
[30] Cf. G. le Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate (Oxford, 1900).
[31] Tabari iii. p. 443 seq.
[32] The first citizens of Medina who embraced Islam were called Anṣār (“helpers”).
[33] On this event, see a remarkable essay by Barbier de Meynard in the Journal Asiatique for March-April, 1869.
[34] Cf. W.M. Patton, Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna (Leiden, 1897); and article [Mahommedan Religion].
[35] See M.J. de Goeje, Memoire sur les migrations des Ziganes travers l’Asie (Leiden, 1903); also [Gipsies].
[36] See M.J. de Goeje, “De legende der Zevenslapers van Efeze,” Versl. en Meded. der K. Akad. v. Wetensch. Afd. Letterk. 4e Reeks, iii., 1900.
[37] See M.J. de Goeje, “De muur van Gog en Magog,” Versl. en Meded. 3e Reeks, v., 1888.