It is desirable that these standards become the universal standards in this country, on the continent and in the United States, so that the same standardization may in future be common to all countries, and the preliminary arrangements for this universal standardization are already in hand.

Fire Combating.—As to self-help, complication must always be avoided. The amateur fireman must be drilled on the simplest lines. One thing which must be instilled into him is not to waste water—a sure sign of lack of training. Of course the drills must be on the same lines as those of the local brigade, and on no account should other gear be used for self-help than is generally customary in that force. When volunteers and regulars work together, the former should always remember that the paid force are experts, though the regulars must never have that contempt for volunteer work so often noticeable. Volunteers are often men who are probably experts in some other vocation outside fire-fighting, and have not had the opportunities which a professional fire-fighter has had.

Standard Table for Fire-resisting Floors and Ceilings.

Classification. Sub-Class. Duration
of Test.
At Least		 Minimum
Temperature.		Load per
Superficial
Foot
Distributed
(per Sq. Metre).		Minimum
Superficial
Area
under Test.		Minimum
Time for
Application
of Water
under Press.
Temporary Protection Class A 45 mins. 1500° F.
(815.5° C.)		 Optional 100 sq. ft.
(9.290 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 60 mins. 1500° F.
(815.5° C.)		 Optional 200 sq. ft.
(18.580 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Partial Protection Class A 90 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 112 ℔
(546.852 kg.)		 100 sq. ft.
(9.290 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 120 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 168 ℔
(820.278 kg.)		 200 sq. ft.
(18.580 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Full Protection Class A 150 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 224 ℔
(1093.706 kg.)		 100 sq. ft.
(9.290 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 240 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 280 ℔
(1367.130 kg.)		 200 sq. ft.
(18.258 sq. m.)		 5 mins.
kg. = kilogramme.

Standard Table for Fire-resisting Partitions.

Classification. Sub-Class. Duration
of Test.
At Least		 Minimum
Temperature.		Thickness of
material.		Minimum
Superficial
Area
under Test.		Minimum
Time for
Application
of Water
under Press.
Temporary Protection Class A 45 mins. 1500° F.
(815.5° C.)		 2 in. and under
(.051 m.)		 80 sq. ft.
(7.432 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 60 mins. 1500° F.
(815.5° C.)		 Optional 80 sq. ft.
(7.432 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Partial Protection Class A 90 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 2½ in. and under
(.063 m.)		 80 sq. ft.
(7.432 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 120 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 Optional 80 sq. ft.
(7.432 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Full Protection Class A 150 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 2½ in. and under
(.063 m.)		 80 sq. ft.
(7.432 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 240 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 Optional 80 sq. ft.
(7.432 sq. m.)		 5 mins.

Standard Table for Fire-resisting Single Doors, with or without Frames.

Classification. Sub-Class. Duration
of Test.
At Least		 Minimum
Temperature.		Thickness of
material.		Minimum
Superficial
Area
under Test.		Minimum
Time for
Application
of Water
under Press.
Temporary Protection Class A 45 mins. 1500° F.
(815.5° C.)		 2 in. and under
(.051 m.)		 20 sq. ft.
(1.858 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 60 mins. 1500° F.
(815.5° C.)		 Optional 20 sq. ft.
(1.858 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Partial Protection Class A 90 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 2½ in. and under
(.063 m.)		 20 sq. ft.
(1.858 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 120 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 Optional 20 sq. ft.
(1.858 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Full Protection Class A 150 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 ½ in. and under
(.018 m.)		 25 sq. ft.
(2.322 sq. m.)		 2 mins.
Class B 240 mins. 1800° F.
(982.2° C.)		 Optional 25 sq. ft.
(2.322 sq. m.)		 5 mins.

Transmission of Fire-Calls.—There are several methods of transmitting the message of a fire-call. The simplest is, of course, to run direct to the nearest fire-station; but this is only possible where the distance is short. In one or two cities, however, the number of fire-stations is so great that they are very close to one another, and hence “direct” calls are generally recorded.