L = ½ (1 − κ) + λp/n,

(28)

so that p = 0 and the motion is made algebraical by taking L = ½ (1 − κ).

The stereoscopic diagram of fig. 12 drawn by T. I. Dewar shows these curves for κ = 15⁄17, 3⁄5, and 1⁄3 (cusps).

10. So far the motion of the axis OC’ of the top has alone been considered; for the specification of any point of the body, Euler’s third angle φ must be introduced, representing the angular displacement of the wheel with respect to the stalk. This is given by

+ cos θ = R,
dt dt

(1)

d(φ + ψ)= ( 1 − C) R + G′ + G,
dt AA (1 + cos θ)
d(φ − ψ)= ( 1 − C) R + G′ − G.
dt AA (1 − cos θ)

(2)