The Gipsies, according to the special census of 1893, numbered 274,940. Of these, however, only 82,000 gave Romany as their language, while 104,000 described themselves as Magyars and 67,000 as Rumanians. They are scattered in small colonies, especially in Gömör county and in Transylvania. Only some 9000 are still nomads, while some 20,000 more are semi-nomads. Other races, which are not numerous, are Armenians, Greeks, Bulgars, Albanians and Italians.

The ethnographical map of Hungary does much to explain the political problems of the country. The central plains, which have the most fertile soil, and from the geographical conditions of the country form its centre of gravity, are occupied almost exclusively by the Magyars, the most numerous and the dominant race. But all round these, as far as the frontiers, the country is inhabited by the other races, which, as a rule, occupy it in large, compact and uniform ethnographical groups. The only exception is formed by the Banat, where Magyars, Rumanians, Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats and Germans live mixed together. Another important fact is that these races are all in direct contact with kindred peoples living outside Hungary: the Rumanians in Transylvania and Banat with those in Rumania and Bukovina; the Serbs and Croats with those on the other bank of the Danube, the Save and the Unna; the Germans in western Hungary with those in Upper Austria and Styria; the Slovaks in northern Hungary with those in Moravia; and lastly the Ruthenians with the Ruthenians of Galicia, who occupy the opposite slopes of the Carpathians. The centrifugal forces within the Hungarian kingdom are thus increased by the attraction of kindred nationalities established beyond its borders, a fact which is of special importance in considering the vexed and difficult racial problem in Hungary.

Agriculture.—Hungary is pre-eminently an agricultural country and one of the principal wheat-growing regions of Europe. At the census of 1900 nearly 69% of the total population of the country derived their income from agriculture, forestry, horticulture and other agricultural pursuits. The agricultural census taken in 1895 shows the great progress made in agriculture by Hungary, manifested by the increase in arable lands and the growth of the average production. The increase of the arable land has been effected partly by the reclamation of the marshes, but mostly by the transformation of large tracts of puszta (waste prairie land) into arable land. This latter process is growing every year, and is coupled with great improvements in agricultural methods, such as more intensive cultivation, the use of the most modern implements and the application of scientific discoveries. According to the agricultural census of 1895, the main varieties of land are distributed as follows:—

Hungary
Proper.		Croatia-
Slavonia.
By area in acres—
  Arable land29,714,38213,370,540
  Gardens928,053136,354
  Meadows7,075,8881,099,451
  Vineyards482,80165,475
  Pastures9,042,2671,465,930
  Forests18,464,3963,734,094
  Marshes199,6857,921
By percentage of the total area—
  Arable land42.8132.26
  Gardens1.341.31
  Meadows10.1910.52
  Vineyards0.690.63
  Pastures13.0314.03
  Forests26.6035.74
  Marshes0.280.08

The remainder, such as barren territory, devastated vineyards, water and area of buildings, amounts to 5.1% of the total.

The chief agricultural products of Hungary are wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize, the acreage and produce of which are shown in the following tables:—

Area in Acres in Hungary Proper.

Cereal. Average per Annum. 1900. 1907.
1881-85. 1886-90. 1891-95.
Wheat 6,483,876 7,014,891 7,551,584 8,142,303 8,773,440
Rye 2,475,301 2,727,078 2,510,093 2,546,738 2,529,350
Barley 2,420,393 2,491,422 2,407,469 2,485,117 2,885,160
Oats 2,460,080 2,546,582 2,339,297 2,324,992 2,898,780
Maize 4,567,186 4,681,376 5,222,538 5,469,050 7,017,270

Produce in Millions of Bushels.