and dividing out sin θ, which equated to zero would imply perfect centring, we obtain

C2μ2 cos θ − C1pμ + (c2 − c1) c1u2 sec θ = 0.
c2

(6)

The least admissible value of p is that which makes the roots equal of this quadratic in μ, and then

μ = ½ C1p sec θ,
C2

(7)

the roots would be imaginary for a value of p smaller than given by

C12p2 − 4 (c2 − c1) c1C2u2 = 0,
c2

(8)

p2= 4 (c2 − c1) c1 C2.
u2 c2C12