For a shot in air the ratio W′/W is so small that the square may be neglected, and formula (11) can be replaced for practical purpose in artillery by

tan2 δ = π2= W′(β − α) ( k2) 2/ ( k1) 4,
n2 Wd d

(12)

if then we can calculate β, α, or β − α for the external shape of the shot, this equation will give the value of δ and n required for stability of flight in the air.

The ellipsoid is the only shape for which α and β have so far been determined analytically, as shown already in § 44, so we must restrict our calculation to an egg-shaped bullet, bounded by a prolate ellipsoid of revolution, in which, with b = c,

A0 = ∫∞0 ab2 dλ= ∫∞0 ab2 dλ,
(a2 + λ) √ [ 4 (a2 + λ) (b2 + λ)2 ] 2 (a2 + λ)3/2 (b2 + λ)

(13)

A0 + 2B0 = 1,

(14)

a = A0, β = B0= 1 − A0= 1.
1 − A0 1 − B01 + A0 1 + 2α